Early weaning usually causes intestinal disorders, enteritis, and diarrhea in young animals and human infants. Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) possesses anti‐inflammatory activity. To study the anti‐inflammatory mechanisms of APS and its potential effects on intestinal health, we performed an RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) study in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC‐J2) in vitro. In addition, LPS‐stimulated BALB/c mice were used to study the effects of APS on intestinal inflammation in vivo. The results from the RNA‐seq analysis show that there were 107, 756, and 5 differentially expressed genes in the control versus LPS, LPS versus LPS+APS, and control versus LPS+APS comparison groups, respectively. The results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis indicated that the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathways play significant roles in the regulation of inflammatory factors and chemokine expression by APS. Further verification of the above two pathways by using western blot and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the gene expression levels of the phosphorylated p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and NF‐κB p65 were inhibited by APS, while the expression of IκB‐α protein was significantly increased (p < .05), indicating that APS inhibits the production of inflammatory factors and chemokines by the inhibition of activation of the MAPK and NF‐κB inflammatory pathways induced by LPS stimulation. Animal experiments further demonstrated that prefeeding APS in BALB/c mice can alleviate the expression of the jejunal inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL‐6), IL‐Iβ, and tumor necrosis factor‐α induced by LPS stimulation and improve jejunal villus morphology.

This study investigated the effects of oleanolic acid (OA) on hepatic lipid metabolism and gut–liver axis homeostasis in an obesity-related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) nutritional animal model and explored possible molecular mechanisms behind its effects. The results revealed that OA ameliorated the development of metabolic disorders, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obese rats. Meanwhile, OA restored high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and endotoxin-mediated induction of toll-like-receptor-4-related pathways, subsequently inhibiting endotoxemia and systemic inflammation and balancing the homeostasis of the gut–liver axis. OA also reshaped the composition of the gut microbiota of HFD-fed rats by reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria. Our results support the applicability of OA as a treatment for obesity-related NAFLD through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and prebiotic integration responses mediated by the gut–liver axis.

Oleanolic acid attenuates intestinal inflammation and intestinal tight junction barrier damage through the TLR4/NF-κB and MAPKs pathway.

Antibacterial peptides (APMs) are a new type of antibacterial substance. The relationship between their structure and function remains indistinct; in particular, there is a lack of a definitive and fixed template for designing new antimicrobial peptides. Previous studies have shown that porcine Protegrin-1 (PG-1) exhibits considerable antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. In this study, to reduce cytotoxicity and increase cell selectivity, we designed histidine-rich peptides based on the sequence template RR(XY)2XDPGX(YX)2RR-NH2, where X represents I, W, V, and F. The results showed that the peptides form more β-hairpin structures in a lipid-rich environment that mimics cell membranes. Among them, the antimicrobial peptide HV2 showed strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative strains and almost no toxicity to normal cells. The results of our analysis of its antibacterial mechanism showed that peptide HV2 acts on the bacterial cell membrane to increase its permeability, resulting in cell membrane disruption and death. Furthermore, peptide HV2 inhibited bacterial movement in a concentration-dependent manner and had a more robust anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the production of TNF-α. In summary, peptide HV2 exhibits high bactericidal activity and cell selectivity, making it a promising candidate for future use as an antibiotic.