This study aimed to compare and assess phthalate contamination in various indoor environments. In this study, 44 floor dust samples from different indoor environments in Delaware, USA were collected and analyzed for 14 phthalates using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phthalates were detected in all dust samples with the total concentration ranging from 84 to 7117 mg kg(-1). DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), BzBP (benzylbutyl phthalate), DBP (dibutyl phthalate), and DiBP (di-isobutyl phthalate) were both the most frequently and abundantly detected phthalates. The average concentration of total phthalates in dust from offices, student dorms, gyms, stores, and daycare centers was found to be significantly or insignificantly (P = 0.05) higher than that in dust from houses and apartments. Plastic flooring materials and the application of floor care chemical products were positively associated with total phthalate concentration in floor dust. Toxicological risk assessment indicated that an investigated daycare center in this study was the only indoor environment that may cause the intake amount of DEHP of infants, toddlers, and children via dust ingestion to exceed the reference dose established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Regular monitoring on phthalate contamination in sensitive indoor environments is recommended.

Objective This retroactive meta-analysis assesses the relationship between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Crohn's Disease (CD). Methods A meta-analysis of PCR- and culture-based studies were conducted to determine if there is a relationship between MAP and Crohn's Disease. The chi-squared test of independence was also conducted to determine if MAP infection and Crohn's disease onset are independent events. Results The studies analyzed were able to provide evidence that Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is highly associated with Crohn's disease. It is also shown that, regardless of the detection method, MAP can effectively be detected in Crohn's patients. Conclusion MAP is strongly connected with Crohn's Disease.

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