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reactivation efficiency of AC. The recovery of AC with improved properties and the desirable process features (fast heating rate, short process time) suggest the great potential of this method as an alternative for the treatment and recovery of fruit peel.

cracking capacity to pyrolyze the used oil, thus showing favorable features that could lead to 34 short process time and less energy usage. This resulted in a production of a high yield of a 35 biofuel product (up to 73 wt%) in a process taking less than 35 min. The biofuel showed a 36 composition dominated by light C 5-C 20 aliphatic hydrocarbons with low amounts of oxygenated 37 compounds (≤ 11%). In particular, the oil product obtained from activated carbon bed showed a 38 low nitrogen content and was free of carboxylic acid and sulphur. The absence of carboxylic 39 acids with low amounts of oxygenated compounds could reduce the formation of oxygenated by-40 2 products that could generate undesirable acidic tar or potentially hazardous sludge in the biofuel 41 during storage. Combined with the detection of a high calorific value (46 MJ/kg) nearly 42 comparable to diesel fuel, the biofuel shows great promise to be upgraded for use as a 'cleaner' 43 fuel source with potentially reduced oxygenated by-products plus low or zero emissions of NO x 44 and SO x during the use of the fuel in combustion process. This study also revealed that the use of 45 activated carbon bed results in the highest energy recovery (88-90%) from the used frying oil. 46 Our results demonstrated that the use of a microwave-heated reaction bed of activated carbon 47 shows great potential as an improved and sustainable pyrolysis approach that is energy-efficient 48 and timesaving for the recycling of used frying oil into a biofuel product with desirable 49 properties. This pyrolysis approach provides an alternative to transesterification that avoids the 50 use of solvents and catalysts, and thus could be developed further as a promising route to recycle 51 various types of waste and biomass materials.

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