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Introduction: Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne human viral disease spread globally and is regarded as a global threat by the World Health Organization (WHO). In India, an appalling rise has recently been observed, resulting in an economic burden. Objective: To study the direct medical costs using cost of illness analysis and the varied clinical presentations of the disease. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted among patients diagnosed with dengue fever in the general medicine department. Data was collected from eligible dengue patients admitted between June 2018 to December 2019. Patient's demographic details, clinical presentations, factors affecting the cost, direct medical cost details were recorded. Results:The study enrolled a total of 220 patients., with 75% being males and 25% being females. The majority of the patients (44.54%) were between the ages of 19-30. The average length of hospital stay was found to be 4.55 days, with the highest number of cases occurring in June and July. The NS1 antigen test yielded 88.63% positive results, and males had a higher total median direct cost of USD 102.83 than females, USD 99.16. The age group 46-60 years had the highest total median direct cost of USD 135.16 compared to other age groups. Conclusion: According to the findings, the median total direct medical cost was USD 119.29. The laboratory charges incurred 34.02%of the total cost, consultation charges incurred 17.18% of the total cost, and medication charges incurred 14.72% of the total cost.

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Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by gram negative bacteria B. pseudomallei. The disease is largely under diagnosed globally. Sporadic cases have been reported from India, distributed mostly in the coastal areas. Authors present a series of seven culture proven cases of Melioidosis treated at a tertiary care Hospital in the coastal city of Mangalore in South India.

BACKGROUND Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes either by affecting insulin secretion or increasing insulin resistance. Oxidative stress is dealt by the body with the help of several antioxidant systems. The antioxidant levels in disorders causing oxidative stress such as diabetes mellitus are found to be low. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxide (GPx) levels are found to be depleted in diabetic groups when compared to control group comprising of healthy individuals. The activities of SOD and GPx are significantly low in diabetic patients. This study was conducted to determine the total antioxidant capacity and levels of antioxidants such as SOD and GPx in patients with type 2 diabetes and association between antioxidant levels and type 2 diabetics as well as type 2 diabetes with its associated complications. METHODS The study population comprised of 150 individuals, 50 subjects belonging to each subgroup of type 2 diabetics, and its associated complications and healthy subjects. The study was conducted in a tertiary care centre in Mangalore, Karnataka from September 2016 to December 2016. The antioxidant capacity of RBC, fasting blood levels of SOD and GPx were estimated by phospho molybdenum method. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction method and Rotruck method were also used. RESULTS The total antioxidant capacity, SOD and GPx were lower among diabetics and diabetic patients with complications as compared to normal nondiabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS There is no significant difference in oxidative stress between patients with and without chronic complications of diabetes. KEY WORDS Antioxidant Levels, Glutathione Peroxidase, Oxidative Stress, Superoxide Dismutase, Nitroblue tetrazolium Reduction