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The paradoxical effects of reward and aversion with abused drugs may interact to produce drug addiction, which is the so-called paradoxical effect hypothesis of abused drugs. However, there is no research examining how the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) regulates morphine's paradoxical effect of reward and aversion. The present study addresses this issue, utilizing a high concentration of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) via injections to destroy the VTA or the PAG. Moreover, the study employed the new "preand postassociation" experimental paradigm (2010) to test whether the simultaneous rewarding and aversive effects of morphine can be affected by an NMDA lesion in the VTA or the PAG. The results indicated that the NMDA lesion of the VTA simultaneously reduced morphine-induced conditioned suppression of saccharin solution intake in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and morphine-induced spent time in the preference compartment in conditioned place preference (CPP), whereas the PAG lesion did not change either measure. Thus, the VTA, but not the PAG, appears to contribute to the paradoxical effect reward in CPP and aversion in CTA induced by morphine. The VTA's involvement in morphine-induced CTA aversion and CPP reward supports the paradoxical effect hypothesis of abused drugs.Keywords: morphine, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal gray matter, the paradoxical effect hypothesis of abused drugs served in a supporting role for project administration and performed equal contribution in data curation and formal analysis. Yi Chun Yu served in a supporting role for project administration and performed equal contribution in data curation. Bai Chuang Shyu served in a supporting role for formal analysis and funding acquisition; performed equal contribution in resources. Andrew Chih Wei Huang served as lead for conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, resources, supervision, validation, writing of the original draft, and writing of the review & editing.

Security Operations Center (SOC) is a unit inside or outside an organization that monitors and deals with information security incidents, on a technical level. In this paper, a trusted security incident information sharing mechanism among SOCs is proposed. The information needed to share among SOCs to prevent incident dispersions usually were just the time of occurrence, origin of attack, consequence, severity and path of attack. In the proposed mechanism, we aim to share the minimum information required. Secure data transferred paths can be used. We hope the adopting of the mechanism may increase the willing of sharing security information among SOCs.