Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus are two varieties of the commonly called pitaya fruits. The seeds were separated and the oil was extracted and analysed. Essential fatty acids, namely, linoleic acid and linolenic acid form a significant percentage of the unsaturated fatty acids of the seed oil extract. Both pitaya varieties exhibit two oleic acid isomers. Essential fatty acids are important acids that are necessary substrates in animal metabolism and cannot be synthesised in vivo. Both pitaya varieties contain about 50% essential fatty acids (C18:2 (48%) and C18:3 (1.5%)). This paper details the process of recovering the pitaya seeds and determining the composition of the oil extracted from the seeds.

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Glycerol monooleate (GMO), casein and whey proteins are surfactants that can stabilize emulsion systems. This study investigates the impact of instantized GMO powders on creaming stability and oxidative stability in protein-stabilized emulsions. Model emulsions with bulk GMO, two instantized GMO powders, and two controls (without GMO) were produced by microfluidization. The droplet size, ζ-potential, viscosity, and creaming index of the emulsions were measured, while oxidative stability was evaluated by analysis of volatile compounds during storage (28 days, 45 °C) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Emulsions with GMO produced smaller average droplet sizes (180.0 nm) with a narrower distribution (polydispersity index of 0.161) compared to the controls (197.6 nm, 0.194). The emulsion stability of instantized emulsions was as good as bulk GMO, which were both better than controls. Based on the relative abundance of 3-octen-2-one, 2,4-heptadienal isomer 2, and 3,5-octadien-2-one isomer 1, the oxidative stability of the instantized emulsions was not significantly different from controls; however, bulk GMO emulsion showed significantly lower stability than controls. Instantized GMO powders can successfully produce physically stable protein-stabilized emulsions with good oxidative stability in a convenient powdered format.

Processing of vegetative material containing pentoses has been shown to result in the formation of furfural. Furfural exhibits a spectrophotometric absorption peak at 518 nm when complexed with aniline acetate. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method has been successfully used to confirm the presence of furfural in crude palm oil (CPO). Solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber composed of divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/PDMS/CAR) was used to absorb the volatiles in the headspace of the oil. The isolated compounds from the fiber was desorbed and separated on a capillary polar column of a gas chromatograph. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the SPME fiber condition for maximum absorption of furfural from CPO. The optimized temperature and time for furfural extraction onto the SPME fiber are 70°C for 40 min. Oils obtained from the mill were found to contain between 2 and 13% furfural.