Electromagnetic stimulation has been documented to treat recalcitrant problems of musculoskeletal system. Yet, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) with parameters modified from clinical bone growth stimulator on osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and cytokines associated with osteoclastogenesis. Marrow cells were harvested from both femora and tibiae of 6 week-old mice and cultured in 8-well chamber slides or 16-well calcium phosphate apatite-coated multitest slides. After 1-day incubation, marrow cells were exposed to PEMF at different electric field intensities for 2h/day and continued for 9 days. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of NFkappaB-ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) concentrations of each group were determined after PEMF stimulation. Osteoclast identity was confirmed by both tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain and bone resorption assay. A statistically significant increase and decrease of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption areas were found when exposed to PEMF with different intensities. Besides, consistent correlations among OPG, RANKL, M-CSF, osteoclast numbers, and bone resorption after exposure to different intensities of PEMF were observed. These data demonstrated that PEMF with different intensities could regulate osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption, OPG, RANKL, and M-CSF concentrations in marrow culture system.
Synchronous multiple primary malignancies are relatively unusual. We describe a case of synchronous triple cancers located at the middle and lower esophagus and the stomach in a 59-year-old Taiwanese man who presented with progressive dysphagia, epigastralgia, and bodyweight loss in 1 month. Endoscopic and histological features, microsatellite instability status of genomic DNA, and immunohistochemical staining of p53, MUC2, Fhit, c-erbB-2 and E-cadherin of all three cancers were demonstrated. We noted that these three cancers arose from different clones and that p53 mutation, instead of microsatellite instability, may play a major role in the development of multiple primary malignancies in this patient.
Cinnamomum verum is used to make the spice cinnamon and has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for various applications. We evaluated the anticancer effect of 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (2-MCA), a constituent of the bark of the plant, and its underlying molecular biomarkers associated with carcinogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma SK-Hep-1 cell line. The results show that 2-MCA suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis as indicated by mitochondrial membrane potential loss, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, increase in the DNA content in sub-G1, and morphological characteristics of apoptosis, including blebbing of plasma membrane, nuclear condensation, fragmentation, apoptotic body formation, and long comet tail. In addition, 2-MCA also induced lysosomal vacuolation with increased volume of acidic compartments, suppressions of nuclear transcription factors NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and both topoisomerase I and II activities in a dose-dependent manner. Further study reveals the growth-inhibitory effect of 2-MCA was also evident in a nude mice model. Taken together, the data suggest that the growth-inhibitory effect of 2-MCA against SK-Hep-1 cells is accompanied by downregulations of NF-κB-binding activity, inflammatory responses involving cyclooxygenase-2 and PGE2, and proliferative control involving apoptosis, both topoisomerase I and II activities, together with an upregulation of lysosomal vacuolation and volume of acidic compartments. Similar effects (including all of the above-mentioned effects) were found in other tested cell lines, including human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep 3B, lung adenocarcinoma A549, squamous cell carcinoma NCI-H520, colorectal adenocarcinoma COLO 205, and T-lymphoblastic MOLT-3 (results not shown). Our data suggest that 2-MCA could be a potential agent for anticancer therapy.
Malignant fibrous histocytoma (MFH) of the maxillary sinus is believed to be a rare form of soft tissue sarcoma with a low frequency of distant metastasis. In this study, we provide a histological documentation of the hematogenous spread of MFH to the brain and report a case of maxillary sinus MFH with unusual metastasis to the brain. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a direct histological diagnosis of maxillary sinus MFH with brain metastasis via a hematogenous route.
Combustible cartridge case samples composed of nitrocellulose (NC), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), kraft cellulose (KC), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diphenylamine (DPA) were prepared to study their structures and chemical and mechanical properties. Taguchi’s experimental design method was used to design the experimental formulations. First, simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (STA TG-DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyser (BET), bomb calorimeter (BC), vacuum stability tester (VST) and a tensile testing machine (TTM) were employed to analyse the thermochemical characteristics, structure, explosion heat, chemical stability and compatibility, and mechanical strength of all formulated samples. Based on the analysis results, the weight loss of the combustible cartridge case sample obtained by the TG experiment was chosen as the quality characteristic. The results of the Taguchi analysis indicated that the optimal parameter combination was an NC/KC weight ratio of 80:20, an NC/PVAc weight ratio of 85:15, an additional DPB of 3.5 wt.% and a density of 1.25 g/cm3. The results of the chemical stability and compatibility test, explosion heat test and mechanical strength test show that the test samples prepared with the optimal parameter combination can meet the requirements of combustible cartridge cases. Furthermore, the combustion performance of the combustible cartridge case sample prepared with the optimal formula was measured by a high-temperature combustion furnace (HTCF) and burning rate measurement device (BRM). The experimental results indicated that the autoignition temperature and ash content were 231 °C and 0.28%, respectively. In addition, the burning rate increased with increasing combustion chamber pressure but was lower than that of ordinary gun propellants at the same pressure. These combustion characteristics can meet the quality requirement of combustible cartridge cases. Finally, an actual combustible cartridge case was prepared and verified. The result of the performance verification test indicated that the average ash content was 0.30%, which was similar to that of the previous test samples and met the quality requirement.
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