A sufficient nitrogen (N) supply is pivotal for high grain yield and desired grain protein content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Elucidation of physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) will enhance our ability to develop new N-saving varieties in wheat. In this study, we analyzed two soft red winter wheat genotypes, VA08MAS-369 and VA07W-415, with contrasting NUE under limited N. Our previous study demonstrated that higher NUE in VA08MAS-369 resulted from accelerated senescence and N remobilization in flag leaves at low N. The present study revealed that VA08MAS-369 also exhibited higher nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) than VA07W-415 under limited N. VA08MAS-369 consistently maintained root growth parameters such as maximum root depth, total root diameter, total root surface area, and total root volume under N limitation, relative to VA07W-415. Our time-course N content analysis indicated that VA08MAS-369 absorbed N more abundantly than VA07W-415 after the anthesis stage at low N. More efficient N uptake in VA08MAS-369 was associated with the increased expression of genes encoding a two-component high-affinity nitrate transport system, including four NRT2s and three NAR2s, in roots at low N. Altogether, these results demonstrate that VA08MAS-369 can absorb N efficiently even under limited N due to maintained root development and increased function of N uptake. The ability of VA08MAS-369 in N remobilization and uptake suggests that this genotype could be a valuable genetic material for the improvement of NUE in soft red winter wheat.

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The main purposes of this study are to propose a design of the re-opening/closing elevator buttons that can be easily distinguished from each other and to evaluate the effect of the easiness of distinction between these buttons. We conducted three different experiments. We divided the design of the elevator buttons into five elements: Illustration, Base color, Illustration color, Width of reopening button and Ruby. The first experiment to evaluate the effect of the easiness of illustrations to distinguish reopening button from the closing button showed that the illustration based on Face distinguished the reopening button from the closing button most easily. The second experiment to evaluate the effect of the easiness of distinction in each element showed that illustrations based on Face (illustration) , White (base color) and 1.25 times width distinguished the reopening button from the closing button easily. The third experiment to evaluate the effect of the elements that were found to make the re-opening/closing buttons more distinguishable showed that partial optimization of existing designs could reduce mistaking the reopening button for the closing button. In conclusion, we proposed a design of the re-opening/closing elevator buttons that can be easily distinguished from each other, and we evaluated the easiness of distinction regarding five divided design elements. 本研究の主な目的は，判別の容易なエレベータの開閉ボタンのデザインを提案し効果を検証することである． そのために，大学生を被験者とした3種類の実験を行った．エレベータの開閉ボタンのデザインを構成する要 素として，イラスト，地の色，イラストの色，サイズ，振り仮名を設定した．イラスト毎の判別の容易性を 明らかにする一つ目の実験では，三角および人をテーマとしたイラストで誤判別が生じやすいことがわかった． デザインの因子毎に判別の容易性を明らかにすることを目的とした二つ目の実験では，イラストでは顔，地は白， 開ボタンのみ幅を1.25倍としたデザインが最も判別を容易にすることがわかった．判別の容易性を高める因 子の効果の検証を目的とした三つめの実験では，各要素の最適組み合わせだけでなく，一般的なイラストの 部分最適化においても，誤判別を低減させる効果を得た．以上より，本研究では，エレベータの開閉ボタン の判別を容易とすることを目指したイラストを提案するとともに，そのイラストを含むデザインを構成する要 素毎の判別の容易性を明らかにした． (キーワード：エレベータ，開閉ボタン，デザイン，判別，容易さ)

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