While many tropical plants have been adapted to temperate cultivation, few temperate plants have been adapted to the tropics. Originating in Western Europe, Brassica oleracea vernalization requires a period of low temperature and BoFLC2 regulates the transition to floral development. In B. oleracea germplasm selected in Taiwan, a non-vernalization pathway involving BoFLC3 rather than BoFLC2 regulates curd induction. In 112 subtropical breeding lines, specific haplotype combinations of BoFLC3 and PAN (involved in floral organ identity and a positional candidate for additional curd induction variation) adapt B. oleracea to high ambient temperature and short daylength. Duplicated genes permitted evolution of alternative pathways for control of flowering in temperate and tropical environments, a principle that might be utilized via natural or engineered approaches in other plants. New insight into regulation of Brassica flowering exemplifies translational agriculture, tapping knowledge of botanical models to improve food security under projected climate change scenarios.

Core Ideas Pumpkin, with rich nutritional compounds, is a staple food in many developing countries. Genomic prediction is a practical tool for hybrid performance evaluation in plant breeding. Genomic prediction can reduce cost and accelerate a breeding program. Genomic prediction applied to select potential hybrid combinations and superior parental lines. Genomic prediction has become an increasingly popular tool for hybrid performance evaluation in plant breeding mainly because that it can reduce cost and accelerate a breeding program. In this study, we propose a systematic procedure to predict hybrid performance using a genomic selection (GS) model that takes both additive and dominance marker effects into account. We first demonstrate the advantage of the additive–dominance effects model over the only additive effects model through a simulation study. Based on the additive–dominance model, we predict genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for individual hybrid combinations and their parental lines. The GEBV‐based specific combining ability (SCA) for each hybrid and general combining ability (GCA) for its parental lines are then derived to quantify the degree of midparent heterosis (MPH) or better‐parent heterosis (BPH) of the hybrid. Finally, we estimate the variance components resulting from additive and dominance gene action effects and heritability using a genomic best linear unbiased predictor (g‐BLUP) model. These estimates are used to justify the results of the genomic prediction study. A pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) data set is given to illustrate the provided procedure. The data set consists of 320 parental lines with 61,179 collected single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers; 119, 120, and 120 phenotypic values of hybrids on three quantitative traits within C.maxima Duchesne; and 89, 111, and 90 phenotypic values of hybrids on the same three quantitative traits within C. moshata Dechesne.