A 2D/3D switchable and rotatable autostereoscopic display using a high-resistance liquid-crystal (Hi-R LC) lens array is investigated in this paper. Using high-resistance layers in an LC cell, a gradient electric-field distribution can be formed, which can provide a better lens-like shape of the refractive-index distribution. The advantages of the Hi-R LC lens array are its 2D/3D switchability, rotatability (in the horizontal and vertical directions), low driving voltage (~2 volts) and fast response (~0.6 second). In addition, the Hi-R LC lens array requires only a very simple fabrication process.

Considering full resolution and without 3D glasses, timemultiplexed type is the better choice for 3D display, such as directional sequential backlight system. However, the current directional sequential backlight system can only produce a singleuser 3D display provided 3D image for single observer. Thus, the multi-user 3D film was proposed to add in front of the directional sequential backlight system and make the display become a multiuser (each observer watches the same image) 3D display provided full-resolution 3D images for three observers.

In this paper, we achieved the floating 3D image based on integral photography theory to display the image in an oblique viewing angle on portable device. Considering the repeated image overlapping problem in the integral image system, it can be solved by adjusting the receiving angle. In the future, the floating 3D image could integrate with the 3D interactive system to provide more realistic visual experience.

To develop a 3D display which can show true 3D images is very important and necessary. Holography has great potential to achieve the objective because holography can actually reconstruct the recorded object in space by reconstruction of wavefront. Further, computer generated hologram (CGH) is used to solve the major issue of conventional holography, which means the recoding process is quite complicated and needs the real objects. The reconstructed image, however, will be blurred and with the unexpected light if using only one phase-only spatial light modulator (PSLM). Although to use two PSLMs by dual-phase modulation method (DPMM) can modulate the phase and the amplitude information simultaneously to enhance the quality of the reconstructed image, it is hard to use in practical application because of the extremely high accurate calibration of the two PSLMs. Therefore, double phase hologram (DPH) was proposed to use only one PSLM to modulate the phase and the amplitude information simultaneously to make the reconstructed image be more focused and eliminate the unexpected light.

The next generation of human‐machine user interface should be 3D display with 3D interaction. However, the blocking phenomenon caused by user's hand decreases the user's judgment on whether the fingertip touches the 3D virtual object. According to experimental results, the system should provide more image information for users by adding 3D virtual references to enhance users' air‐touch accuracy as the 3D virtual object with large disparity.