This study aimed at investigating the combined effects of albuminuria and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) on peripheral artery disease (PAD) among elderly patients with diabetes. A total of 236 subjects were crossclassified into four groups according to the presence or absence of albuminuria (urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 30 mg/g) and low eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). Cardiovascular risk factors and the ankle-brachial index (ABI) were also assessed. After multivariate adjustment using logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios (OR) for prevalent PAD related to albuminuria with preserved eGFR, normoalbuminuria with low eGFR and albuminuria with low eGFR compared to normoalbuminuria with preserved eGFR were 1.10 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.43-2.79], 3.14 (95% CI = 1.20-8.22) and 3.87 (95% CI = 1.72-8.72), respectively. In conclusion, in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, both normoalbuminuria with low eGFR and albuminuria with low eGFR are associated independently with PAD.

Various laboratory and patient-related factors can affect the measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). We herein present the case of a diabetic patient with spuriously low HbA1c values on ion-exchange highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Further investigations revealed that the patient was heterozygous for a rare Hb variant, namely Hb Iraq-Halabja (β10 Ala Val). This is the second report of this variant published in the literature. Clinicians should be aware of the limitations of HbA1c assays because inaccurate values may lead to the inappropriate management of diabetes. Unusual or discrepant HbA1c test results should prompt further investigations for potentially interfering factors, including rare Hb variants.

The paper integrates Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) measurements form wireless communication network to solve the positioning problem in the case that the number of visible GPS satellites is not sufficient. Therefore, we propose how to select GPS and GSM system for positioning with fuzzy logic switch. With GPS, we use Fourier approximations to analyze the root mean square error (RMSE) and compare the difference between Taylor and Fourier approximations method. In addition, we use a hybrid Time Difference of Arrival / Angle of Arrival (TDOA/AOA) location scheme that combine TDOA location with AOA location in GSM system. The solution is obtained by linearizing these equations via a Taylor-series expansion. For location estimator, we use the Least Square (LS) method for GSM location to obtain the solution of the TDOA/AOA location equations. Index Terms--GPS, GSM, Fuzzy, Fourier, Time Difference of Arrival, Angle of Arrival I.Recently, the GSM-system is supported by GPS positions with an update rate. In this paper, an integration method of GPS and hybrid TDOA/AOA measurements from a signal of a wireless communication network to solve the navigation problem. The work carried out in this paper shows how to integrate digital audio broadcast (DAB) transmitters with GSM base stations for positioning systems. A dual channel system, which is based on the GPS and the GSM network with fuzzy logic theory, is being developed to compensate the problem of the loss of GPS signals in providing location services to mobile users in urban areas.