No abstract

and the abundance of the HKα and HKβ proteins also increased after incubation at 32 °C for 6 h (Fig. 5B and Supplementary Fig. S2). In the gastric mucosa, the H + ,K +-ATPase pumps are expressed specifically in parietal cells and are therefore used as markers for this cell type. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of these proteins increased in the parietal cells on the luminal side (Fig. 5C,D).

Cerebral edema following cerebral infarction can be severe and directly affect mortality and mobility. Exercise therapy after cerebral infarction is an effective therapeutic approach; however, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Myokines such as interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) are released during skeletal muscle contraction with effects on other organs. We hypothesized that myokine release during exercise might improve brain edema and confirmed the hypothesis using transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model rats. Rats subjected to tMCAO were divided according to the severity of illness and further assigned to exercise and non-exercise groups. Treadmill exercises were performed at a speed of 2–8 m/min for 10 min from 1–6 days post-reperfusion after tMCAO. Exercise significantly reduced edema and neurological deficits in severely ill rats, with a reduction in aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression in the ischemic core and increased blood IL-1RA release from the stroke-unaffected hindlimb muscle after tMCAO. Administration of IL-1RA into the lateral ventricles significantly reduced edema and AQP4 expression in the ischemic core. In conclusion, treadmill exercise performed in the early phase of stroke onset alleviated the decrease in blood IL-1RA following ischemic stroke. IL-1RA administration decreased astrocytic AQP4 expression in the ischemic core, suppressing brain edema.