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This work investigates the effect and mechanisms of gas heating in atmospheric pressure air dielectric barrier discharges with experimental measurements and numerical models developed. The heating sources of a single microdischarge (MD) are evaluated by the 1.5D plasma fluid model (PFM) with heating mechanisms including elastic collisions, the ionic Joule heating, and kinetics considered. A 3D gas flow model (GFM) simulating the temperature distribution of the reactor with the convective effect of airflow considered is developed to verify heating sources calculated by comparing the simulated gas temperature with the rotational temperature determined from N 2 emission spectra measured. The source term of the energy equation in the 3D GFM is evaluated from the overall heating source calculated by the 1.5D PFM. The experimental average power consumption of the reactor is obtained and compiled statistically as 3.4 W. The average number of MDs in one cycle is compiled statistically as 140 MDs; therefore the average power consumption of a single MD obtained is around 0.024 W. The simulated power consumption of a single MD is around 0.028 W which agrees the average measured power consumption of a single MD. The heating sources of different mechanisms are evaluated by the 1.5D PFM and are provided as the average volumetric source term to the 3D GFM for evaluating the temperature distribution in the reactor. The simulated result shows that around 45% of power consumption is converted to thermal energy. The simulated average gas temperature at the center of the reactive zone is 460 K which agrees the rotational temperature determined as 470 K. Besides, both the simulated highest temperature and the temperature distribution of the reactor surface are close to those measured by the IR thermometer. The analysis of heating source finds that the ionic Joule heating and kinetics contribute to most of the heating source as 47% and 52%, respectively. Among the ionic species considered, O + 2 plays the essential role and contributes to around 66% of the ionic Joule heating. Among the kinetics considered, exothermic processes contribute to most of the heating source as around 88%. Further analysis shows that the ozone generation and destruction reactions contribute to remarkable heating sources. The quenching processes of excited atomic oxygen and nitrogen species also contribute to noticeable heating sources and result in fast evolution of species densities. The N 2 (v) and O 2 (v) contribute to only a small percentage (∼10%) of the kinetic heating source under the operating conditions in this work.

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Purpose: This paper mainly focuses on the perfume products as research objective and aims to investigate the relationship between personality traits, conformity, perception of perfume’s usefulness and purchase intention.   Theoretical framework: With the rapid growth on economic development, consumers’ awareness of perfume is gradually increasing. Numerous customers are beginning to have an interest in perfume products and willing to purchase them.   Design/methodology/approach: This study explores consumers who have an interest in perfume products as research object and collects a total of 176 valid questionnaires by surveying.   Findings: Through statistical analysis, these results suggest that consumer’s personality traits directly affect the perception of perfume’s usefulness, as well as their purchase intention.   Research, Practical & Social implications: This study concludes that conformity has a significant influence on the purchase intention.   Originality/value: Recent trends in preference for perfume even higher than other similar products such as cosmetics products or beauty care products. However, far too little attention has been paid to perfume products.

An educated workforce is critical for IT firms ability to innovate and compete in the market. Surprisingly, there is very little research on how education contributes to the profitability of IT firms and how educated employees contribute to a firms research and development activities. Using theories from human capital literature, we propose a model to measure how education impacts firm profits in IT industries and how the relation is moderated by a firms R&D investments. Our results suggest that education is associated with a positive firm performance in IT industries. We also show that the interaction effect between R&D and education is positive, suggesting that IT firms which invest in highly skilled employees are in a better position to take advantage of R&D investments. This paper adds several new insights to the literature on human capital and firm performance.