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Malaysia is a rapidly developing country in Southeast Asia that aims to achieve high-income country status by 2020; its economic growth is highly dependent on its abundant energy resources, especially natural gas and crude oil. In this paper, a complete picture of Malaysia's energy use from primary source to end use is presented by mapping a Sankey diagram of Malaysia's energy flows, together with ongoing trends analysis of the main factors influencing the energy flows. The results indicate that Malaysia's energy use depends heavily on fossil fuels, including oil, gas and coal. In the past 30 years, Malaysia has successfully diversified its energy structure by introducing more natural gas and coal into its power generation. To sustainably feed the rapidly growing energy demand in end-use sectors with the challenge of global climate change, Malaysia must pay more attention to the development of renewable energy, green technology and energy conservation in the future.

This manuscript develops a logarithmic mean Divisia index I (LMDI) decomposition method based on energy and CO 2 allocation Sankey diagrams to analyze the contributions of various influencing factors to the growth of energy-related CO 2 emissions on a national level. Compared with previous methods, we can further consider the influences of energy supply efficiency. Two key parameters, the primary energy quantity converted factor (K PEQ ) and the primary carbon dioxide emission factor (K C ), were introduced to calculate the equilibrium data for the whole process of energy unitization and related CO 2 emissions. The data were used to map energy and CO 2 allocation Sankey diagrams. Based on these parameters, we built an LMDI method with a higher technical resolution and applied it to decompose the growth of energy-related CO 2 emissions in China from 2004 to 2014. The results indicate that GDP growth per capita is the main factor driving the growth of CO 2 emissions while the reduction of energy intensity, the improvement of energy supply efficiency, and the introduction of non-fossil fuels in heat and electricity generation slowed the growth of CO 2 emissions.

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