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This paper examines the ripple effect in supply chains due to circular flows embedded in supply chain design. Although supply chains are complex and nonlinear, circular flows exist in realworld supply chains but are often unknown or hidden to supply chain managers. These circular flows exist when a Tier 2 supplier is also a Tier 3 (or higher) supplier in the supply chain network. Additionally, a circular network can occur when a supplier is also a customer in the same network. In the presence of these types of supply chain network structures, supply chains may experience a ripple effect (or disruption propagation) in which disruptions impact supply chain performance. Using a real-world supply chain structure, we examine the effect of circular flows on the ripple effect and identify how this influences the supply chain's resilience to disruptions. We offer managers and researchers insights that improve the understanding of how circular flows exacerbate the ripple effect.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices have implications for health and fitness. Fitness wearables can promote healthy behavior and improve an individual's overall health and quality of life. Even though fitness wearables have various benefits, privacy concerns regarding the data collected remain as a major barrier to adoption of fitness wearables. Intrinsic factors like disposition to value privacy and extrinsic factors like privacy policies and General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) can influence users' privacy concerns. This research uses experimental design to understand how these factors influence privacy concerns.The results suggest that GDPR reduces the average privacy concerns of users. The study also shows that higher perception of effectiveness of privacy policy reduces the perception of privacy risks and increases the perception of privacy control. This study illustrates the effect of users' perceptions on factors like privacy policy, privacy control and GDPR on mitigating privacy concerns.

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