Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical factors that
cause damage
in salt-stressed plants, but their mechanisms of action in living
cells are largely unknown. We investigated the roles of reactive carbonyl
species (RCS), i.e., the lipid peroxide-derived α,β-unsaturated
aldehydes and ketones, in plant growth retardation under salt stress.
When Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 seeds
were exposed to 100 mM NaCl, germination was delayed and the levels
of ROS, RCS, and protein carbonylation in the seedlings were increased.
Adding the histidine-containing dipeptides carnosine, N-acetylcarnosine, and anserine, which are reported RCS scavengers,
restored the germination speed and suppressed the increases in RCS
and protein carbonylation but did not affect the ROS level. Increases
in the levels of the RCS acrolein, crotonaldehyde, (E)-2-pentenal, and 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-nonenal were positively
correlated with the delay of germination and growth inhibition. These
RCS, generated downstream of ROS, are thus primarily responsible for
the salt-stress symptoms of plants.
Because Periocheck-positive fractions tended to increase during the period from 6 to 18 weeks, our findings underline the necessity of periodic postoperative bacteriological checking, in which Periocheck should be practical and useful.
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