Berberine inhibits Smad 2/3 activation and enhances Smad 7 in bleomycin-induced rat lungs. Bleomycin-induced activation of FAK is inhibited by berberine. Berberine inhibits bleomycin-induced activation of PI3K/Akt cascade. Berberine inhibits mTOR activation to enhance autophagy and suppresses fibrotic markers.
This study proves the chemopreventive efficacy of hesperidin against the deleterious traits of colon carcinogenesis including accelerated proliferation, inflammation and persistent oxidative stress.
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