No abstract

The predictive trend analytic plays a crucial role in estimating the rainfall pattern that impacts on climate change, especially in water resource management. The cyclones and irregular monsoon patterns are two important resulting in unpredictable rainfall which affects the yield and cropping system in agriculture sector and shows major impact on other diversified sectors leading to negative impact on natural drainage system and urban habitation. The present study area is highly prone to cyclones and rainfall irregularities that show a greater impact in the Water management in the Northern part of Visakhapatnam. Present work focuses on the predictive trend analysis of the rainfall data for 38 years from 1982 to 2020 in the study area. By considering monthly, annually, seasonally, annual average rainfall data and a non-parametric analysis the total annual rainfall and seasonal rainfall is estimated using Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope trend analysis algorithms. The predictive calculation results shows that trend analysis performance of Mann Kendall and Sen’s slope values of positive and negative trends. Based on the results, it is predicted that the rainfall pattern in study area may be mostly irregular in nature with significant variability for the next few years also.

Now a days, architects and architecture students avoid using physical handmade models though it is a widely accepted and most prominent tool to understand and explain architectural design concepts. Physical handmade models play an essential role in converting conceptual ideas to working and working levels to design finalization and presentation for architectural design, structural design, interior design, and product design. Availability of inadequate skill to make models, excess time consumption, extensive effort, cost of model making materials, lack of knowledge about suitable material, lack of know-how about model making tools force the students of architecture to avoid using the physical model to explain or understand design. Any single model may not be appropriate for all the requirements. Each model needs to have a particular goal. The architect needs to finalize the scale, material, and tools with proper scrutiny to achieve the goal. To prepare an appropriate model for a particular purpose, one should have a thorough knowledge of model making skills or techniques, a sense of proportion, materials, tools, finishing materials. In certain times and some areas, suitable materials may not be available. In that case, the architect has to improvise and create materials using printers and using other tools. This paper discusses steps to prepare a model, criteria for selecting material and tools, and strategies to prepare an appropriate model.