This paper assesses the effects of individual- and community-level knowledge of HIV transmission, beliefs and fear of infection on individual attitudes toward and willingness to interact with people living with HIV/AIDS in China. Data are from a sample survey of 12,270 men and women age 15-49 from seven provinces/municipalities. The survey was conducted by the Population and Family Planning Commission in December 2003. Multilevel regression analyses show that stigmatization of people living with HIV/AIDS is strongly associated with community-level HIV knowledge and fear, even after taking into account HIV knowledge and fear at the individual level. The findings suggest that individual attitudes are partially shaped through social learning and social influence. Public-health interventions aimed at eliminating stigmatization of people living with HIV/AIDS will need to pay special attention to social and community influences while continuously working to enhance HIV knowledge and reduce inaccurate beliefs and fear.

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Heritabilities, and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for total length, body weight, body depth, and head length of masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou. During 4 month period after first starting to feed in juveniles, 20 full-sib and 10 half-sib families were reared separately and each family was given environmental conditions as equal as possible. Data were collected at 4 months and 8 months of age by individual tagging with fin cut 1994. The same experiments using colored fluores cent elastomer tags as family markers were repeated in 1995. Overall survivals in the study varied among each family. The heritabilities of growth related traits estimated for sire components (in 1994 and 1995) at 4 months age were found to be quite high: ranging between 0.35 and 0.47 in total length. Estimated heritabilities at 8 months age in each year ranged from 0.18 and 0.42 in total length. Similar values were obtained in the other three related areas of body weight, body depth and head length. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among the growth traits were all positively high. Genetic varia tions in body weight were found to be remarkably high, about three times as high as that in the total length of the masu salmon. Phenotypic correlations between 4 and 8 month ages were 0.45-0.63. Selec tive breeding in growth related traits would be effective in masu salmon culture. Masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou has a great poten tial for aquaculture in Japan. Selective breeding to im prove economically important traits is important in salmon aquaculture.I)The possibility of genetic changes depends on selection intensity, heritability, phenotypic variance, and length of generation interval.2) The important parameters in selec tive breeding are phenotypic and genetic variance, heritabilities, and genetic and phenotypic correlations. Heritability is defined as the proportion of additive genetic variances to the total phenotypic variance. This propor tion expresses the reliability of the phenotypic value as a guide to the breeding value, or the degree of correspon dence between phenotypic and breeding values. For this reason, the heritability enters into almost every formula connected with breeding methods and many practical deci sions about breeding procedures depend on its magni tude.3)Quantitative genetic studies of other salmonid species have shown that the heritability for growth in cultivated strains is usually large enough to make effective selection possible. "4'5) The purpose of this study is to estimate the heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations among growth-related traits, i.e. total length, body weight, body depth and head length measurements, for tnasu salmon because no such quantitative genetic study has been done on this commercially important species. The efficiency of selection on correlated traits to improve later growth in masu salmon is also assessed as an objec tive in this study. Sampling for Measurements All surviving fish were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm and weighed to the nearest 0.1 g...

Genetic parameters for growth-related traits were estimated in 9-month old of two Korean abalone subspecies, Haliotis discus hannai and H. discus discus, using multiple traits of animal model. The data were collected from the records of 3,504 individuals produced from 16 sires and 17 dams in H. discus hannai and 821 individuals produced from 3 sires and 4 dams in H. discus discus, which was evaluated at the Bukjeju branch, NFRDI, from May 20, 2004 to February 14, 2005. The heritability estimates obtained from restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method range from 0.29 to 0.31 for three growth traits (shell length, shell width and body weight) in H. discus hannai and from 0.22 to 0.28 in H. discus discus, respectively. The heritabilities for shell shape and condition factor were lower than others of growth traits such as ranging from 0.03 to 0.24 in H. discus hannai and from 0.06 to 0.11 in H. discus discus, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic correlations were >0.91 between shell parameters and weight in two abalone subspecies, respectively, indicating that breeding for weight gains could be successfully achieved by selecting for shell length.

This study was aimed to investigate the pathophysiological changes of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus suffering from emaciation. A plasma osmolality was higher in the emaciated and control flounders than that of normal teleost, suggesting osmoregulatory failure in both of them. Also, the control in the same stock with emaciated flounder seem to be classified into a primary degree of emaciation. According to microscopic observations, the inflammatory responses were observed in the submucosal layer of anterior intestine, although the some of mucosal intestinal epithelium still remained. It was suggested that the pathological changes of the anterior part give rise to malabsorption of nutrients through the mucosa. In the posterior intestine and rectum, the mucosal epithelium were almostly sloughed off and severe inflammatory responses were observed in the submucosa. Immunoreaction for NKCC was not detected in the mucosal epithelial cells in intestine because of sloughing of epithelium. These changes would lead to functional disorder in the intestine, such as malabsorption of nutrients and osmoregulatory failure. Also important is to investigate the recovery phase.