We found that EUD and CTD can both be considered first-line methods of endoscopic transmural drainage of bulging pseudocysts, whereas EUD should be preferred for nonbulging pseudocysts.

Objective: The aim of this study was to correlate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of breast cancer with prognostic factors. Methods: 335 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified (IDC NOS) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) who underwent breast MRI with diffusionweighted imaging were included in this study. ADC of breast cancer was calculated using two b factors (0 and 1000 s mm -2 ). Mean ADCs of IDC NOS and DCIS were compared and evaluated. Among cases of IDC NOS, mean ADCs were compared with lymph node status, size and immunochemical prognostic factors using Student's t-test. ADC was also correlated with histological grade using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Mean ADC of IDC NOS was significantly lower than that of DCIS (p,0.001). However, the mean ADC of histological grade of IDC NOS was not significantly different (p50.564). Mean ADC of oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive or progesterone receptor (PR)-positive cancer was significantly lower than that of ER-negative or PRnegative cancer (p50.003 vs p50.032). Mean ADC of Ki-67 index-positive cancer was significantly lower than that of Ki-67 index-negative cancer (p50.028). Mean ADC values of cancers with increased microvascular density (MVD) were significantly lower than those of cancer with no MVD increase (p50.009). No correlations were observed between mean ADC value and human growth factor receptor 2 expression, tumour size and lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: Low ADC value was correlated with positive expression of ER, PR, increased Ki-67 index, and increased MVD of breast cancer. Breast MRI is an established supplemental technique to mammography and ultrasonography for evaluation of suspicious breast lesions. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) has recently been integrated into the standard breast MRI for discrimination of benign and malignant breast lesions obtained with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. DWI is a non-invasive technique that represents the biological character of the mainly Brownian movement of protons in bulk water molecules in vivo. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values are quantified by measurement of mean diffusivity along three orthogonal directions, which are affected by cellularity of the tissue, fluid viscosity, membrane permeability and blood flow [7,[9][10][11]. Microstructural characteristics, including water diffusion and blood microcirculations in capillary networks, were associated with ADC value. Decreased movement of molecules in highly cellular tissue showed correlation with a low ADC value [3,4]. Several studies of DWI of the breast have reported significantly lower ADC values in malignant tumours, compared with benign breast lesions and normal tissue [1-3, 5-11, 14]. Classic prognostic markers, including tumour size and grade, and lymph node status in patients with breast cancer, and molecular markers, including oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Ki-67 index, human growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein and angiogenic mo...

Ciliogenesis and cystogenesis require the exocyst, a conserved eight-protein trafficking complex that traffics ciliary proteins. In culture, the small GTPase Cdc42 co-localizes with the exocyst at primary cilia and interacts with the exocyst component Sec10. The role of Cdc42 in vivo, however, is not well understood. Here, knockdown of cdc42 in zebrafish produced a phenotype similar to sec10 knockdown, including tail curvature, glomerular expansion, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, suggesting that cdc42 and sec10 cooperate in ciliogenesis. In addition, cdc42 knockdown led to hydrocephalus and loss of photoreceptor cilia. Furthermore, there was a synergistic genetic interaction between zebrafish cdc42 and sec10, suggesting that cdc42 and sec10 function in the same pathway. Mice lacking Cdc42 specifically in kidney tubular epithelial cells died of renal failure within weeks of birth. Histology revealed cystogenesis in distal tubules and collecting ducts, decreased ciliogenesis in cyst cells, increased tubular cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, increased fibrosis, and led to MAPK activation, all of which are features of polycystic kidney disease, especially nephronophthisis. Taken together, these results suggest that Cdc42 localizes the exocyst to primary cilia, whereupon the exocyst targets and docks vesicles carrying ciliary proteins. Abnormalities in this pathway result in deranged ciliogenesis and polycystic kidney disease.

We report a case of peripheral ossifying fibroma arising from the anterior oral cavity in a 12-year-old boy. CT and MR scans showed a large exophytic soft tissue mass overlying the anterior hard palate and maxillary alveolar ridge. The tumour revealed peripheral calcification without adjacent bone changes.

These results imply that desipramine blocks muscarinic and histamine receptor-mediated Ca(2+) signaling and the subsequent translocation of aquaporin-5 in human salivary gland cells, suggesting a novel mechanism for the xerogenic effects of desipramine.