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Themain role of the Juvenile Vocational training center is to rehabilitate young offenders and support their social reintegration, including protecting communities from unsafe situations. Imprison offenders would be faced a real challenge at the time of their release unless efficient and effective programs are provided. The paper analyzed the cost per unit and examined the Economies of Scale of the 17 juvenile vocational training centers across Thailand. The analysis was based on a data set during 2016 -2019 from the Department of Juvenile Observation and Protection. The average cost per unit in the center was $168 per month or $2,018 annually. The results revealed that both small-and large-scale centers were inefficient. Incidentally, this cost per unit paid for an offender was lower than the national comparing average cost of living. Therefore, the means of increasing operational efficiency in Juvenile Vocational Training Center must be exerted to avoid the internal diseconomies of scale.

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BackgroundIn Southeast Asia, motor vehicle traffic accidents have claimed more lives than HIV/AIDS. According to the World Health Organisation, the estimated GDP lost due to road traffic crashes in Thailand was around 3 percent in the year 2009–2010. Among those traffic fatalities, motorcycle-involved accidents were accounted more than 50 percent (WHO, 2013). Not wearing a helmet was among major causes of death by motorcycle traffic accidents. In contrast to growing number of motorcycles, Helmet Laws are not strictly enforced and largely ignored by drivers and passengers. The report by the Department of Disease Control, Thailand Ministry of Public Health (2010) showed that less than 50 percent of motorcyclists wore helmets.MethodsBoth quantitative and qualitative research was applied in the study. The panel data was collected at the provincial level overtime for analysing the consequences of helmet use laws and other related policies by using the pooled time series model. In addition, there was a Quasi-Experimental Design for examining behaviours of motorcycle riders across the country.ConclusionsThe policy-related factors including public safety education and health promotion in wearing helmet had significantly an impact on a reduction in motorcycle traffic fatalities in Thailand.