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Summary A growing body of evidence suggests that microplastics may be colonized with a unique microbiome, termed ‘plastisphere’, in aquatic environments. However, the deep mechanisms (deterministic and/or stochastic processes) underlying the community assembly on microplastics are still poorly understood. Here, we took the estuary of Hangzhou Bay (Zhejiang, China) as an example and examined the assembly mechanisms of bacterial communities in water and microplastic samples. Results from high‐throughput sequencing showed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla across all samples. Additionally, microorganisms from plastisphere and planktonic communities exhibited contrasting taxonomic compositions, with greater within‐group variation for microplastic samples. The null model analysis indicated the plastisphere bacterial communities were dominantly driven by the stochastic process of drift (58.34%) and dispersal limitation (23.41%). The normalized stochasticity ratio (NST) also showed that the community assembly on microplastics was more stochastic (NST > 50%). Based on the Sloan neutral community model, the migration rate for plastisphere communities (0.015) was significantly lower than that for planktonic communities (0.936), potentially suggesting that it is the stochastic balance between loss and gain of bacteria (e.g., stochastic births and deaths) critically shaping the community assembly on microplastics and generating the specific niches. This study greatly enhanced our understanding of the ecological patterns of microplastic‐associated microbial communities in aquatic environments.

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