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Aims The purpose of this study was to investigate the bacterial community of wild Cordyceps cicadae and explore its effect on the production of N6‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐adenosine (HEA) and three nucleosides in C. cicadae. Methods and Results Illumina high‐throughput sequencing technology was used to analyse the bacterial community in wild C. cicadae. After C. cicadae was isolated and bacteria were isolated from wild C. cicadae, we identified four bacterial strains that independently altered HEA and nucleoside production in a coculture with C. cicadae and four bacteria separately. After cocultivation, the HEA yield from C. cicadae increased markedly. The bacteria in wild C. cicadae did not produce HEA, and the levels of three nucleosides decreased significantly. Both 16S rRNA and community analyses showed close evolutionary relationships and high abundance ratios for the four selected bacterial strains. Conclusions Some bacteria exist in wild C. cicadae and have a high abundance ratio. Moreover, the isolated bacteria inhibited the growth of C. cicadae and prevented the production of HEA in axenic cultures. Significance and Impact of the Study We discuss the bacterial community in wild C. cicadae and provide a new way to increase HEA production in C. cicadae by coculture with bacterial strains isolated from wild C. cicadae.

Aims: This study investigated the efficacy of Limosilactobacillus fermentumfermented ginseng for improving colitis and the gut microbiota profiles in rats and explored the benefits of the L. fermentum fermentation process to ginseng. Methods and results:Ginseng polysaccharide and ginsenoside from fermented ginseng were analysed by UV and HPLC. Antibiotic-fed rats were treated with fermented ginseng and a L. fermentum-ginseng mixture. Histopathology-and immune-related factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) of the colon were assayed by using pathological sections and ELISA. After treatment, fermented ginseng relieved the symptoms of antibiotic-induced diarrhoea and colon inflammation, and the expression of colon immune factors returned to normal. The gut microbial communities were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that the alterations in the gut microbiota returned to normal. In addition, the gut microbiota changes were correlated with immune factor expression after treatment. The fermented ginseng had better biological functions than a L. fermentum-ginseng mixture. Conclusions:Fermented ginseng can relieve diarrhoea and colon inflammation and restore the gut microbiota to its original state. The process of L. fermentum fermentation can expand the therapeutic use of ginseng.Significance and impact of the study: This research suggested the potential function of fermented ginseng to relieve diarrhoea and recover the gut microbiota to a normal level and explored the benefits of the Limosilactobacillus fermentum fermentation process to ginseng.