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This paper studies several buffering strategies for optical packet switching (OPS) under limited packet sorting. Three schemes, which are able to sort newly arrived packets based on packet's length as well as capability of finding the minimum buffer occupancy, are analyzed and compared. Results show that all three proposed schemes could improve OPS performance considerably in terms of probability of packet loss (PPL) and probability of information loss (PIL). In addition, the simulation results show that not all the newly arrived packets need to be sorted in order to obtain minimum packet loss probability. this paper is that if only 10% of the packets are sorted, the PPL is comparable to the minimum packet loss value obtained when 100% of the packets are sorted.

Performance evaluations of the multi-layers ring network architecture with unicast/multicast function have been done recently by using non-parametric approach. It was claimed that the proposed architecture outperforms the conventional point-to-point multi-layers architecture in terms of the link cost and interface cost. This paper further investigates the impact of the traffic to the nodes in such architecture with unicast capability through optical packet switching simulations. It is found that there are serious packet losses at layer 3 if switches capacity are same at all levels; the required number of wavelengths/optical buffers increases exponentially in order to maintain a given packet loss rate when more layers exist in the architecture. Therefore, it shows that too many layers architecture may affect the networks performances.

Mathematics is a fundamental core subject of STEM education. However, mathematics concepts are abstract and many students having difficulties to understand it. Moreover, some students are lack of confident, having negative feelings towards mathematics, feel not relax and cannot focus in mathematics class. Furthermore, university classes usually are large scale that make individualized assistance difficult to achieve. Conversational agents (CA), an automated computer software, allow users to interact with it through human language dialogues may implement into education to support the teaching and learning process. Nonetheless, CA still in the beginning stage to implement in education domain where the CA research in this domain, especially mathematics subject, is found scarce. This study is to incorporate CA into undergraduate mathematics learning. This paper is to present the research framework based on Vygotsky's ideas and research design with mixed-methods using multi-instruments.

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