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directly assess these functional changes. These findings were correlated with data obtained by more classical indirect methods and further delineate the concept of a reversible alteration in membrane transport and are consistent with an in vivo swelling of skeletal muscle cells in response to severe hemorrhagic shock. Methods and MaterialsNon-splenectomized adult baboons (Papio Sp.) weighing 12-27 Kg. were anesthesized initially with a combination of intravenous Sernylan (1 mg./Kg.) and Pentobarbital (5 mg./Kg.) and maintained on small doses of Pentobarbital throughout the experiment to achieve a constant level of anesthesia. Tracheostomy was performed. Polyethylene catheters were used to cannulate the femoral artery of one leg and femoral vein of the opposite limb. Arterial pressure was constantly. mdnitored on a Sanborn recorder connected to the femobral artery cannula through a pressure transducer. Blood samples for all analyses were obtained from the femoral artery cannula and all injections were given through the femoral vein catheter.Each animal was studied throughout a standard 3-hour control period and then following induiction of hemorrhagic shock. Arterial pressures of 60 mm. Hg systolic were achieved during the first 8-10 minutes of hemorrhage and subsequent hemorrhage was carried out as needed to maintain this level of hypotension. Care was taken to avoid hemorrhage in excess of 25-30% of calculated blood volume in order to obtain a prolonged severe shock preparation. Serial determinations of skeletal muscle PD as well as blood pressure, pulse, and respiration were recorded 288Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Surgical Association,

This work aims to assess the efficacy of x-ray quality assurance tests undertaken on fluoroscopy units in the UK. Information was gathered on the results of dosimetry and safety tests recommended by the reports of the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, and those additionally undertaken by medical physics departments. The assessment of efficacy considers the frequency with which a test result breaches the remedial level or other relevant threshold where applicable. The third quartile of those results exceeding the remedial level or threshold is used to estimate the severity of such a breach in terms of potential impact on patient dose and image quality. A risk assessment approach is then used to recommend to what degree, if any, the test should be included in an ongoing test regimen. Data was analysed from 468 testing sessions to 336 unique fluoroscopy units throughout the UK. Across all tests, the rate with which the remedial level was exceeded varied from 0-29.5%, with severity ranging from little or none to major degradation to image quality or significant increase on population dose. Where possible, the data has also been used to produce representative ranges for the results of dosimetric tests. These could be useful as an up to date comparator for those sites considering the purchase of or commissioning new equipment. Overall the results indicate a wide range for the efficacy of those tests undertaken at present; this can be used to review local test protocols and to inform future changes to national guidance in the UK. The results also highlight some tests where measurement technique varies significantly throughout the UK, making any valid comparison difficult. This may indicate a need for further guidance on how best to undertake these tests.

This work aims to assess the efficacy of x-ray quality assurance tests undertaken on fluoroscopy units in the UK. Information was gathered on the results of dosimetry and safety tests recommended by the reports of the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, and those additionally undertaken by medical physics departments. The assessment of efficacy considers the frequency with which a test result breaches the remedial level or other relevant threshold where applicable. The third quartile of those results exceeding the remedial level or threshold is used to estimate the severity of such a breach in terms of potential impact on patient dose and image quality. A risk assessment approach is then used to recommend to what degree, if any, the test should be included in an on-going test regimen. Data was analysed from 468 testing sessions to 336 unique fluoroscopy units throughout the UK. Across all tests, the rate with which the remedial level was exceeded varied from 0%–29.5%, with severity ranging from little or none to major degradation to image quality or significant increase on population dose. Where possible, the data has also been used to produce representative ranges for the results of dosimetric tests. These could be useful as an up to date comparator for those sites considering the purchase of or commissioning new equipment. Overall the results indicate a wide range for the efficacy of those tests undertaken at present; this can be used to review local test protocols and to inform future changes to national guidance in the UK. The results also highlight some tests where measurement technique varies significantly throughout the UK, making any valid comparison difficult. This may indicate a need for further guidance on how best to undertake these tests.

No abstract