Twitter has emerged as a significant communication platform at urological meetings. Use increased dramatically between 2012 and 2013. Urologists have increasingly led this discussion with an increased focus on data arising from meeting proceedings. This adjunct to traditional meeting activity merits the attention of urologists and the professional associations that host such meetings.

The online solicitation of public donations has become an important financing option for health care expenses, intensified by increasing costs and deficits of universal public systems (1). With growing internet access and success of the largest social crowdfunding platform, GoFundMe, online appeals for medical causes have grown significantly over the last decade in low- to high-income countries. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively describe the use of GoFundMe as a crowdfunding platform for global health initiatives given its supremacy in the social crowdfunding market. Three different cohorts (n=100 each) of online solicitation were examined as a cross-section comparing global health appeals to those for personal health care and animal activism. Variables included the purpose for crowdfunding, the characteristics of beneficiaries and campaigns, and the factors associated with funding success. Our cross-sectional review found that global health campaigns were focused on voluntourism opportunities compared to more specific, individualized appeals for those in need. Global health campaigns appeared to be the least ambitious and generally the least successful of those reviewed. Grouping the most and least successful campaigns between the different cohorts, global health appears to be more successful when targeting a larger population to donate smaller amounts of money and relying on sharing via social media. We suggest that compared to online solicitation for personal health and animal activism objectives, crowdfunding on GoFundMe has unrealized potential as a tool for global health initiatives. More work should be conducted using different crowdfunding platforms and a more longitudinal review in order to expand on these findings and their implications on health care provision in the countries examined. Furthermore, future inquiry is needed to understand the social and ethical implications of online solicitation for global health endeavors in order to inform policy and promote discussion around equity and accessibility.

patients were also tested with SP263 IHC assay, and we evaluated the concordance of these two antibodies. Overall survival (OS), defined as the time from nephrectomy to death from any cause, was evaluated. The hazard ratio (HR) for PD-L1-positive (IC !1%) versus PD-L1-negative status and confidence interval (CI) were estimated by the Cox proportional hazard model. OS according to PD-L1 status and immune phenotype were analyzed. Results: Of the 770 patients, PD-L1 positivity on SP142 was observed in 315 (40.9%). The 770 patients were classified into immune phenotypes I (59 [7.7%]), E (378 [49.1%]), or D (333 [43.2%]). PD-L1 positivity was strongly associated with immune phenotype: I (88.1%), E (61.9%), D (8.7%). Median OS (mOS) in PD-L1-positive (PD-L1 + ) vs -negative (PD-L1 À ) patients was 41.5 vs 67.8 months (HR 1.48 [95%CI 1.23e1.77]). The mOS in I vs E vs D was 28.8 vs 57.3 vs 63.4 months (HR of I vs D 1.78 [95%CI 1.27e 2.49]; HR of E vs D 1.08 [95%CI 0.89e1.30]). Compared to mOS of 67.2 months in PD-L1 e /D (n¼304) used as a reference, PD-L1 À /E (n¼144) showed similar mOS of 78.1 months (HR 0.92 [95%CI 0.72e1.19]); however, PD-L1 + /E (n¼234) showed shorter mOS of 48.2 months (HR 1.32 [95%CI 1.06e1.63]). Of 389 patients tested with both SP142 and SP263, 163 (41.9%) were positive on SP142 and 219 (56.3%) were positive on SP263. The overall percentage agreement of SP263 with SP142 (IC1% cut off) was 83% (PPA 97%, NPA 73%).Conclusions: Our study suggested that PD-L1 expression and immune phenotype are highly related. SP142 and SP263 showed a certain level of concordance based on the IC1% cut off.Clinical trial identification: UMIN000034131/NCT03748901.

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