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The CORE-OM and CORE-A are suitable assessment tools that show small but logical differences between psychological therapy services in primary- and secondary-based care.

The empirical study of citizen attitudes toward the police has a rich tradition and is regarded as important for several reasons. Some authors such as Murty, Roebuck, and Smith (1990) have suggested that positive images of the police are necessary in order for the police to function effectively and efficiently. Decker (1981) has argued that the police organization as a public sector organization needs community support to meet its goals. He identifies the "attitude-effectiveness" link as especially important in an urban society where the police are primarily reactive and dependent on the public for initiating police activity (p. 80). Dunham and Alpert (1988) have pointed out that citizens in neighborhoods that reflect distinct cultures have different values concerning the appropriateness of different police practices. These values are reflected in attitudes toward the police, and police practices that are incompatible with culturally-based attitudes may result in ineffective policing (p. 506). Murty, Roebuck, and Smith (1990) echo a similar proposition. In their view and that of others (Radelet, 1986 and Skolnick and Bayley, 1986), negative attitudes toward the police result in "mutual ill feelings, lack of respect, disorder, and inefficient police functioning" (Radelet, 1986:280). Greene and Decker (1989) point out that the nature of citizen attitudes toward the police and police attitudes toward citizens is an important determinant of whether the two groups can work together to set up crime control programs. They note that this is an especially important consideration given the contemporary emphasis on policing strategies that strive to bring "the police and the community into greater interaction." The research reported in this paper builds on a 30-year tradition of research on attitudes toward the police (ATP). Recent events in American

Objectives. As a disease typified by early onset and chronic disease course, caring for a person with schizophrenia may have a significant impact on caregivers' lives. This study aimed to investigate the subjective experiences of caregivers of people with schizophrenia as a means of understanding “caregiver burden” in this population. Methods. Face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of 19 US-English speaking caregivers of people with schizophrenia (who were at least moderately ill). Interview transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory methods and findings used to inform the development of a preliminary conceptual model outlining caregivers' experiences. Results. Findings support assertions that people with schizophrenia were largely dependent upon caregivers for the provision of care and caregivers subsequently reported lacking time for themselves and their other responsibilities (e.g., family and work). Caregiver burden frequently manifested as detriments in physical (e.g., fatigue, sickness) and emotional well-being (e.g., depression and anxiety). Conclusions. Caring for a person with schizophrenia has a significant impact on the lives of informal (unpaid) caregivers and alleviating caregiver burden is critical for managing individual and societal costs. Future research should concentrate on establishing reliable and valid means of assessing burden among caregivers of persons with schizophrenia to inform the development and evaluation of interventions for reducing this burden.

There are a number of problems for evidence-based practice (EBP) including limited generalizability of efficacy research results, the consequent lack of confidence in the relevance of such research, and the conceptual distance of most practitioners from the research process. The result is that EBP, although sound in principle, often fails to achieve its aim of improving practice. Practice-based evidence (PBE) provides a complementary bridge for the gap between research and practice to offset some of these problems, promoting collaboration between mental health services and academic institutions. This paper presents the initial results of such a collaboration via three phases: (1) the development of a referential database for primary care counselling services, (2) 'practitioner-friendly' feedback on grouped data to services, and (3) the combination of the two to build an evidence base for work with ethnic minorities-an area in which research trials are not well adapted to provide much evidence. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 10, 374-388 (2003) evidence. However, many of the constituent components of this paradigm have been criticized, including the philosophical and political assumptions underpinning EBP (e.g. Colyer & Kamath, 1999), the randomized controlled trial (e.g. Marshall, 2002), the limitations to the paradigm (e.g. Trinder, 2000) and user concerns (e.g. Faulkner & Thomas, 2002). One specific constraint is that strict study inclusion criteria restrict the data available for analysis and thus limit the conclusions which can be drawn and constrain the generalizability of findings. While there is considerable evidence supporting the efficacy of the psychological therapies (e.g. Lambert & Ogles, 2003;Roth and Fonagy, 1996), there is still relatively little evidence for specific age groups, ethnic minorities, or large service areas, such as primary care. Data sufficient for precise estimation of effects for small subpopulations requires the availability of much larger datasets than those which will accumulate through prioritized RCTs and traditional research-driven studies. Benchmarking Primary Care Counselling via Practice-Based EvidenceAnother more general problem for the 'pure' EBP paradigm is that practitioners need skills and confidence to use the model. In the psychological therapies, the considerable real challenges to the generalizability of RCT evidence give many practitioners serious doubts about, and poor confidence in, the applicability of EBP evidence to their own practice. A more prosaic problem is that unfamiliarity with quantitative data per se and with the measures reported, distances some practitioners from the paradigm. Critical appraisal and EBP trainings, while vital, can give practitioners skills but no data to address their local issues.A complementary paradigm to EBP which addresses many of these concerns is that of practice-based evidence (PBE: Barkham & MellorClark, 2000;Margison et al., 2000). This paradigm uses an evidence-base derived from routine practice settings rather than from...