Background: A major challenge in providing mental health interventions for young people is making such interventions accessible and appealing to those most in need. Online and app-based forms of therapy for mental health are burgeoning. It is therefore crucial to identify features that are most effective and engaging for young users.Objectives: This study reports a systematic review and meta-analysis of digital mental health interventions and their effectiveness in addressing anxiety and depression in young people to determine factors that relate to outcomes, adherence, and engagement with such interventions.Methods: A mixed methods approach was taken, including a meta-analysis of 9 randomized controlled trials that compared use of a digital intervention for depression in young people to a no-intervention control group, and 6 comparing the intervention to an active control condition. A thematic analysis and narrative synthesis of 41 studies was also performed.Results: The pooled effect size of digital mental health interventions on depression in comparison to a no-intervention control was small (Cohen’s d = 0.33, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.55), while the pooled effect size of studies comparing an intervention group to an active control showed no significant differences (Cohen’s d = 0.14, 95% CI -.04 to 0.31). Pooled effect sizes were higher when supervision was involved (studies with no-intervention controls: Cohen’s d = 0.52, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.80; studies with active control: Cohen’s d = 0.49, 95% CI -0.11, 1.01). Engagement and adherence rates were low. Qualitative analysis revealed that users liked interventions with a game-like feel and relatable, interactive content. Educational materials were perceived as boring, and users were put off by non-appealing interfaces and technical glitches.Conclusions: Digital interventions work better than no intervention to improve depression in young people when results of different studies are pooled together. However, these interventions may only be of clinical significance when use is highly supervised. Digital interventions do not work better than active alternatives regardless of the level of support. Future interventions need to move beyond the use of digital educational materials, considering other ways to attract and engage young people and to ensure relevance and appeal.

Agassiz's desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) populations are exposed to a variety of anthropogenic threats, which vary in nature, distribution, severity, and frequency. Tortoise management in conservation areas can be compromised when the relative importance of these threats is not well understood. We used HexSim to develop simulation models for desert tortoise populations occupying 2 study areas in the western-central (Superior Cronese in California, USA) and the eastern (Gold Butte-Pakoon in Nevada and Arizona, USA) Mojave Desert, each with a distinct set of site-specific threats. We developed threats models that were parameterized from published information, and conducted independent simulations of threats at varying levels of severity for each study area. Modeled tortoise populations in both study areas were subjected to simulations of threats associated with human presence and subsidized predators. Additional simulated threats in the Superior Cronese model included disease and habitat degradation on land in-holdings, whereas tortoise populations in the Gold Butte-Pakoon model were further exposed to simulations of wildfire, livestock grazing, and feral burros. We used our 2 study area-specific simulation models to rank the threats' relative importance to desert tortoise population viability. Threats more widely distributed in time and space within the modeled conservation areas significantly limited tortoise population growth more than threats that were patchily distributed or temporally dynamic. Our use of a spatially explicit population model allowed us to evaluate and prioritize the effects of threats over site-specific, dynamic, simulated landscapes, which differed from previous modeling efforts for desert tortoises. Our threat prioritization will inform and improve ongoing management efforts attempting to increase desert tortoise population viability by altering anthropogenic disturbance regimes. Ó 2016 The Wildlife Society.

This article examines the representation of the memory of the Cambodian genocide in the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum in Phnom Penh. The museum is housed in the former Tuol Sleng prison, a detention and torture centre through which thousands of people passed before execution at the Choeung Ek killing field. From its opening in 1980, the museum was a stake in the ongoing conf lict between the new Vietnamese-backed government and Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge guerrillas. Its focus on encouraging an emotional response from visitors, rather than on pedagogy, was part of the museum's attempt to engender public sympathy for the regime. Furthermore, in order to absolve former Khmer Rouge members in government of blame, the museum sought to attribute responsibility for the atrocities of the period to a handful of 'criminals'. The article traces the development of the museum and its exhibitions up to the present, commenting on what this public representation of the past reveals about the memory of the genocide and the changing political situation in Cambodia.

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