Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a neuroleptic and antipsychotic medication for individuals suffering from schizophrenia and other medical conditions. This study investigated the effects of CPZ on the hematological, biochemical, and biometric characteristics in juvenile Clarias gariepinus. The sh were exposed to 0.53, 1.06 and 2.11 mgl −1 CPZ for 15 days after which they were withdrawn from the toxicant and allowed to recover for 5 days. Blood were sampled from the sh on day 1, 5, 10, 15 and during the 5day recovering for hematological and biochemical analysis and thereafter, the sh were sacri ced for the morphometric analysis. While the values of the white blood cells signi cantly increased in the exposed sh, the hemoglobin, erythrocytes and packed cell volume decreased. Compared with the control, there were no signi cant differences in the values of the blood derivatives in the exposed sh. The values of protein and glucose reduced but that of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were signi cantly elevated. Though there was no signi cant difference in the condition factor, a signi cant increase in hepatosomatic index occurred on day-15 at 5.28 mg/L CPZ.After the 5-day withdrawal from the drug, most of the studied parameters returned to the control values. The present study indicated that CPZ is toxic to sh and should be used with utmost care to guard against toxicological effect on non-target organisms.

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a neuroleptic and antipsychotic medication for individuals suffering from schizophrenia and other medical conditions. This study investigated the effects of CPZ on the hematological, biochemical, and biometric characteristics in juvenile Clarias gariepinus. The fish were exposed to 0.53, 1.06 and 2.11 mgl−1 CPZ for 15 days after which they were withdrawn from the toxicant and allowed to recover for 5 days. Blood were sampled from the fish on day 1, 5, 10, 15 and during the 5-day recovering for hematological and biochemical analysis and thereafter, the fish were sacrificed for the morphometric analysis. While the values of the white blood cells significantly increased in the exposed fish, the hemoglobin, erythrocytes and packed cell volume decreased. Compared with the control, there were no significant differences in the values of the blood derivatives in the exposed fish. The values of protein and glucose reduced but that of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly elevated. Though there was no significant difference in the condition factor, a significant increase in hepatosomatic index occurred on day-15 at 5.28 mg/L CPZ. After the 5-day withdrawal from the drug, most of the studied parameters returned to the control values. The present study indicated that CPZ is toxic to fish and should be used with utmost care to guard against toxicological effect on non-target organisms.

The indiscriminate use and abuse of pharmaceuticals have led to pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment which has been receiving great attention since significant levels of contamination have been found. The present study investigated the acute and sub-lethal effects of a pharmaceutical drug diclofenac on oxidative stress parameters and the recovery ability in O. niloticus. The juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of diclofenac to determine the 96 h LC50. The results indicated that diclofenac was toxic to O. niloticus with a 96 h LC50 of 0.489mg/L. The percentage mortality increased as the concentrations increased.  Fish were exposed to a control (0.00 mg/L) and three sub-lethal concentrations of 0.48, 0.32, and 0.25 mg/L of diclofenac for 28 days and allowed to recover for 7 days. The result of the sub-lethal test indicated that the responses were dose and duration dependent. The oxidative stress results showed significant concentration- and time-dependent increases in the values of lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and reduced glutathione but reduction in catalase and superoxide dismutase in the liver of the exposed fish. Many of the oxidative parameters were found to be restored after the 7-day recovery period. These results showed that diclofenac exposure had a profound negative influence on the selected indices of O. niloticus.