This study aimed to identify organic dairy major farm types (MFTs) in seven European countries, describe these MFTs in an open research database and assess central characteristics of the MFTs. This was conducted in a three-step procedure including (1) Identification of organic MFTs in seven European countries:

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Impact patterns of human-animal relationship (HAR) and herd stress level on udder health were investigated in a cross-sectional study on 30 German and Danish organic dairy herds also taking into account influencing factors regarding housing and management. Cow behavior (avoidance distance, tolerance to tactile interaction, release behavior) was assessed in tests, milkers' behavior recorded during milking, and information about contacts with animals during routine work gathered by interview. Additionally, stockpersons' attitudes were recorded via questionnaires. Fecal cortisol metabolites were measured in approximately 30 focal cows on each farm and used as a proxy to determine the level of distress within the herd. Management and housing were assessed on-farm. The following herd udder health indicators were calculated: the prevalence of mastitis quarters (≥100,000 cells/mL), and, from milk recording data over 1 yr retrospectively, the average somatic cell score and the self-cure rates during lactation per herd. Multivariable regression models with stepwise selection were calculated at herd level. The following HAR-related factors were associated with better udder health (in at least 1 of the final models): stockpersons' higher agreement on patience being important when moving the cows and on necessary contact to cows being pleasant, higher amount of positive interactions with cows during milking, more docile cows in the release behavior test, no routine change of milkers, more contact time during routine work, no active heifer habituation to milking, and performance of barn controls beyond routine work. Lower fecal cortisol metabolite levels were related to higher self-cure rates during lactation. Concerning housing, management, and herd characteristics, the following known factors were related to impaired udder health for at least 1 of the indicators: straw yards, automatic milking system, higher average lactation number, and less antibiotic udder treatments. The results confirm earlier findings that HAR is associated with udder health and should therefore be considered in future research and mastitis control programs. First indications of negative associations between herd stress level and mastitis curing capacity should be followed up in future studies.

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To date, little is known about influences on cows’ physiological stress levels on farms. The present study explored associations of fecal cortisol metabolite concentrations (FCM) with (1) farm factors including human–animal contact, (2) cows’ fear behaviors towards humans, and (3) milk production and udder health, involving 25 dairy farms and repeated fecal samples (n = 2625) from 674 focal cows. Farm factors via interviews and observations, avoidance distance (AD) and qualitative behavior assessment (QBA) during a human–animal interaction were recorded. Milk yield and somatic cell scores (SCS) were calculated from milk recordings. Levels of FCMs were in general relatively low. No associations with AD and milk yield could be detected. Correlations between FCMs and QBA and SCS were significant, but on a low level. Against expectations, FCMs were higher, when the farm provided concentrates by hand and habituated heifers to milking, in part possibly due to reversed cause–effect relations. Decreased FCM levels were found on farms that did not separate diseased cows, possibly due to the avoidance of social stress following changes in group structure. Additionally, straw yards compared to raised cubicles and generous compared to suboptimal lying space were associated with decreased levels, underlining the importance of comfort around resting. Moreover, FCMs were decreased with increased human contact time per cow. The different associations detected in this study provide a basis for further experimental investigations that moreover might provide insights into causal relationships.