Purpose The relevance of present consumption bias on personal finance has been confirmed in several studies and has important theoretical and practical implications. It has important, measurable implications when analyzing commitment or self-control, adherence to healthy habits (e.g. exercising or dieting), procrastination tendencies or savings. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of these issues by postulating a model of income uncertainty within a hyperbolic discounting framework that measures the cost of financial intertemporal inconsistencies related to this bias. The emphasis is on the analysis of this cost. We also propose experimental designs and consistent estimation methods, as well as agent-based modelling extensions. Design/methodology/approach The authors develop a finite-horizon model with hyperbolic preferences. Individuals have a present bias distinct from their discount rate so their choices face intertemporal inconsistencies. The authors further extend the analysis with uncertainty about future incomes. Specifically, individuals live for three periods, and the authors find the optimal consumption levels in the perfect-information benchmark by backward induction. They then proceed to add biases and uncertainty to characterize their implications and measure the costs of the intertemporal inconsistencies they cause. Findings The authors measure how an agent's utility is greater when they “tie their hands” than when they are free to re-evaluate and change their consumption schedule. This “cost of being vulnerable to falling into temptation” only depends (increasingly) on the measure of the present bias and (decreasingly) on the discount factor. They analyze the varying effects on utility and consumption of changes in impatience and optimism. They conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications; they also propose agent-based simulations, as well as empirical and experimental designs, to further test the relevance and applications of the results. Practical implications This model has important, measurable implications when analyzing commitment or self-control, adherence to healthy habits (e.g. exercising or dieting), procrastination tendencies or savings. Social implications The results enhance the estimation of the costs of present biases such that employers can better identify the incentives required to acquire and retain human capital. The authors provide evidence that workers are vulnerable to contract renegotiations and about the need for a regulator that restores ex-ante efficiency. Similarly, in the private sector, firms could recognize the postulated consumer profiles and focus their resources on anxious, too-optimistic or potentially addictive consumers; this, again, provides some justification about the need for a regulator. Originality/value In traditional exponential discounting, the marginal rate of substitution of consumption between two points depends only on their distance; thus, it allows none of the intertemporal inconsistencies we often observe in real life. Therefore, hyperbolic discounting better fits the data. The authors model choice under uncertainty and focus on the costs caused when present biases (ex-post) push behaviour away from ex-ante optimality. They conclude by proposing experimental designs to further enhance the estimation and implications of these costs. The postulated refinements have the potential to improve previous analyses on commitment devices and commitment-related regulation.

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This chapter provides information on the common response of pawpaws (Carica papaya) to water stress, including chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, water potential, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2. Pawpaw can tolerate some water deficit without significant reduction in yield components, indicating that the full amount of the recommended irrigation can be reduced but there is little or no benefit to partial root drying. Experimental evidence suggests that pawpaws exhibit some signs of stress memory, but that rapid short-term acclimatization responses dominate pawpaw's response to soil water deficit. Decreased plant growth under water deficit is due to reductions in the carbon balance in the plant which affects photosynthesis. However, it is still not clear whether the restrictive factor for photosynthesis under water deficit stress is due to stomatal closure or is due to incomplete metabolism.

Nowadays, the globalized world encourages people to be able to use ICT`s in every aspect of their life. Several mobile apps have been created to support the learning process. Particularly, the teaching of Mathematics has benefited from the use of innovative mobile apps. This study evaluates the most common mathematical educational apps through a survey answered by teachers and students from the module of Fundamentals of Mathematics at National Polytechnic School (EPN). The study reveals that WolframAlpha is the most appropriate app to support the learning process. The 81% of students consider that the use of this app could improve their academic outcomes and the 100% of teachers agree to include them in the teaching-learning processKeywords--Educational apps, teaching-learning process, academic performance, ICT's, highest education 16 th LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education, and Technology: "Innovation in Education and Inclusion", 19-21 July 2018, Lima, Peru. 6 technological resources can be done more easily due to their greater expertise in ICT world.

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