Himalayan glaciers are a focus of public and scientific debate. Prevailing uncertainties are of major concern because some projections of their future have serious implications for water resources. Most Himalayan glaciers are losing mass at rates similar to glaciers elsewhere, except for emerging indications of stability or mass gain in the Karakoram. A poor understanding of the processes affecting them, combined with the diversity of climatic conditions and the extremes of topographical relief within the region, makes projections speculative. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that dramatic changes in total runoff will occur soon, although continuing shrinkage outside the Karakoram will increase the seasonality of runoff, affect irrigation and hydropower, and alter hazards.
Glacier lakes are a common phenomenon in high mountain areas. Outbursts from glacier lakes have repeatedly caused the loss of human lives as well as severe damage to local infrastructure. In several high mountain ranges around the world, a grave uncertainty about the hazard potential of glacier lakes still exists, especially with respect to the effects of accelerating rates of glacier retreat as a consequence of atmospheric warming. Area-wide detection and modeling of glacier lake hazard potentials is, therefore, a major challenge. In this study, an approach integrating three scale levels allows for the progressive focus on critical glacier lakes. Remote sensing methods for application in glacier lake hazard assessment are presented, and include channel indexing, data fusion, and change detection. Each method matches the requirements of a certain scale level. For estimating potential disaster amplitudes, assessments must be made of maximum discharge and runout distance of outbursts floods and debris flows. Existing empirical relations are evaluated and complementary ones as derived from available data are proposed. Tests with observations from a recent outburst event from a moraine-dammed lake in the Swiss Alps show the basic applicability of the proposed techniques and the usefulness of empirical relations for first hazard assessments. In particular, the observed runout distance of the debris flow resulting from the outburst does not exceed the empirically estimated maximum runout distance. A list of decision criteria and related remote sensing techniques are discussed in conclusion. Such a list is an essential tool for evaluating the hazard potential of a lake. A systematic application of remote sensing based methods for glacier lake hazard assessment is recommended.Key words: glacier lake outburst, hazard potential, remote sensing, empirical parameters.Résumé : Les lacs glaciaires sont un phénomène courant dans les régions de hautes montagnes. La rupture des digues des lacs glaciaires ont causé à maintes reprises des pertes de vie de même que de lourds dommages aux infrastructures locales. Dans plusieurs chaînes de montagnes élevées dans le monde, il existe toujours une grande incertitude quant au potentiel de risques des lacs glaciaires, spécialement en rapport avec les effets de l'accélération des vitesses de retrait des glaciers résultant du réchauffement atmosphérique. La détection sur de grandes surfaces et la modélisation des potentiels de risques des lacs glaciaires présentent en conséquence des défis majeurs. Dans cette étude, une approche intégrant trois niveaux d'échelle permet de mettre l'accent progressivement sur les lacs glaciaires critiques. On présente les méthodes de détection à distance pour l'évaluation des risques dans le cas des lacs glaciaires, incluant l'indexation des canaux, la fusion des données et le changement de détection. Chaque méthode correspond aux exigences d'un certain niveau d'échelle. Pour évaluer les amplitudes de désastres potentiels, on doit faire les évaluati...
Glacial hazards such as ice avalanches, glacial lake outburst floods, and debris flows have caused severe damage in populated mountain regions such as the Swiss Alps. Assessment of such hazards must consider basic glaciological, geomorphological, and hydraulic principles together with experience gained from previous events. An approach is presented here to assess the maximum event magnitude and probability of occurrence of glacial hazards. Analysis of magnitude is based on empirical relationships derived from published case histories from the Swiss Alps and other mountain regions. Probability of occurrence is difficult to estimate because of rapid changes in the nature of glacial systems, the low frequency of events, and the high complexity of the involved processes. Here, the probability is specified in qualitative and systematic terms based on indicators such as dam type, geometry, and freeboard height (for glacial lakes) and tendency of avalanche repetition, precursor events, and increased water supply to the glacier bed (for ice avalanche events). The assessment procedures are applied to a recent lake outburst with subsequent debris flow and to an ice avalanche in the Swiss Alps. The results yield reasonable event maxima that were not exceeded by actual events. The methods provide first-order assessments and may be applied in dynamic mountain environments where population and infrastructure growth require continuous evaluation of hazards.Key words: glacial hazards, lake outburst, debris flow, ice avalanche, hazard assessment procedure, probability of occurrence.Résumé : Des dangers glaciaires tels que des avalanches, des inondations par déversements de lacs glaciaires ont causé des dommages importants dans les régions montagneuses peuplées telles que les Alpes suisses. L'évaluation de tels dangers doit prendre en compte les principes de base de glaciologie, de géomorphologie, et d'hydraulique de même que de l'expérience obtenue par les événements antérieures. On présente ici une approche pour évaluer l'événement d'amplitude et de probabilité d'occurrence maximales d'événements de dangers glaciaires. L'analyse de l'amplitude est basée sur des relations empiriques dérivées d'histoires de cas publiées pour les Alpes Suisses et autres régions montagneuses. La probabilité d'occurrence est difficile à estimer à cause des changements rapides de la nature des systèmes glaciaires, de la faible fréquence des événements, et de la forte complexité des processus impliqués. Ici, la probabilité est spécifiée en termes qualitatifs et systématiques basés sur des indicateurs tels que le type de barrage, sa géométrie et sa hauteur de revanche (pour les lacs glaciaires), la tendance à la répétition d'avalanches, les événements précurseurs, et l'accroissement de l'alimentation en eau du lit des glaciers (pour les événements d'avalanches de glace). Les procé-dures d'évaluation sont appliquées à un récent déversement de lac avec écoulement de débris subséquent et à une avalanche de glace dans les Alpes suisses. Les méthodes fournis...
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