The sorption capacity and affinity of biochar for metals are both important attributes that determine biochar's suitability as a soil amendment for contaminant mitigation, yet few analyses have considered both characteristics simultaneously. We present a systematic review of literature published between 2010 and 2018 to test the hypothesis that sorption capacity and affinity are affected by biochar properties, attributes of the metal contaminant, and experimental conditions, in that order. We used random forest (RF) and multi-objective optimization to analyze data of 559 individual Langmuir adsorption isotherms extracted from 133 studies covering the sorption capacity (C max) and affinity (K L) of biochar for 17 different metals, elaborated from six different feedstock classes, three different types of feedstock pretreatment, and five types of post-pyrolysis treatment. Highest sorption values were obtained for Pb(II), Cr(IV), and Cd(II). The feedstock used was the key determinant influencing biochar's capacity and affinity to sorb metal contaminants (first and fourth most important variable in RF models for C max and K L , respectively) with best results obtained for biochar elaborated from nutrient-dense feedstocks (animal biowaste, sludge, and manure). Biochars that had both high sorption capacity and affinity were the result of a longer duration of pyrolysis; they had lower C and higher N and O content, as well as lower C/N and higher O/C and H/C ratios, higher pore volumes and higher pH. Applying some form of pretreatment was better than none, whereas chemical modification was the best of the post-treatment methods analyzed. This review demonstrates clearly that multiple parameters during the preparation process influence the effectiveness of biochar to immobilize metal contaminants. Future research that focuses on mechanisms and the underlying factors for the correlations observed should allow the development of biochar formulations that are even more effective at immobilizing metal contaminants in soils and sediments.
Se evaluó la capacidad del biochar de adsorber metales y se verificó, específicamente, la hipótesis de que la capacidad de adsorción depende de las propiedades del biochar, los atributos del metal y por las condiciones experimentales, en ese orden. Para ello, se analizaron 559 isotermas de adsorción de Langmuir individuales extraídas de 133 estudios y se cubrió la capacidad de adsorción del biochar elaborado por seis diferentes clases de materia prima, tres tipos distintos de pretratamientos a la materia prima, cinco tipos de tratamiento post-pirólisis al biochar, y por 17 metales diferentes. La capacidad del biochar de adsorber metales dependió significativamente de la materia prima usada para elaborar el biochar, por la composición elemental del biochar y por el tratamiento post-pirólisis del biochar respectivamente. Este análisis mostró que la materia prima usada para producir el biochar es esencial. Al analizar las variables con el valor de importancia más alto, el biochar elaborado con materia prima rica en nutrientes, pareció ser más efectivo para inmovilizar metales. Los resultados también demostraron la efectividad de los tratamientos químicos post-pilórisis, los cuales acidifican u oxidan el biochar para adsorber los metales. La capacidad del biochar de inmovilizar metales mostró mejores resultados que otros tratamientos de suelos utilizados en la actualidad, y esto, adicionado al hecho de que el biochar puede elaborarse con residuos orgánicos, enfatizó el importante rol que el biochar podría tener en un modelo de economía circular donde los residuos de los procesos de la industria alimentaria podrían ser usados para remediar los suelos y potenciarlos.
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