In this article, some of the most important findings of the European research project The Role of Men in Gender Equality (2011-2012) are discussed. This project was the first systematic research study of all European Union member states and associated European Free Trade Association states regarding men and gender equality in the fields of education and paid labor, the involvement of men in care and domestic work responsibilities, men's health, gender-based violence, and men's participation in gender equality policy. The main objective of the study was to gain better knowledge on the role and positioning of men concerning gender equality. A number of themes were emphasized. First, as the situation of men and women in societies is relational,

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Today, what is called “Gender Mainstreaming” is the main strategy of the European Union to work toward gender equality. The definitions of Gender Mainstreaming explicitly include men, and there have been first efforts to integrate a men's perspective into this strategy. Referring approaches are outlined in this paper, and the respective chances and problems are addressed. Relevant aspects of the discussion in the German speaking countries and some practical experiences within Gender Mainstreaming projects are highlighted, with a focus on Austria. At the moment, an important stream of the discussion refers to the reallocation of paid labor and unpaid caring work among men and women. Thus, this thematic focus is maintained throughout the paper, as an example for a two-edged topic between emancipation and hetero-normativity. Inputs from Northern Europe as the model region concerning gender equality and important international sources from critical men's studies and queer theory are used as reference points.