The measurement of particulate matter (TSP, PM 10, and PM 2.5 ) emitted by pyrotechnic articles is described. For this purpose, pyrotechnic articles for entertainment purposes of category F2 (i. e. consumer fireworks according to European legislation) are examined exemplarily. The aim was to determine reliable emission factors (EF). Different types of pyrotechnic articles were used to obtain a more representative database. Commonly used analytical methods, like impactor technology, are accompanied by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to obtain a better insight into the nature of the emissions. Specific emission factors are determined for each pyrotechnic article. In the absence of activity rates, an average specific emission factor can be used to assess emission inventories. The average emission factors for investigated articles are 253 g PM 10 per kg net explosive content (NEC) and 200 g PM 2.5 per kg NEC. The highest emission is found for a battery of shot tubes, the lowest emission of particulate matter is found for a fountain-like pyrotechnic article. Furthermore, the hypothesis is assessed whether it makes a difference to determine emission data based on pyrotechnic mixtures or pyrotechnic articles. It is demonstrated that the combustion of pyrotechnic articles generates a higher amount of particulate matter than the combustion of pyrotechnic mixtures.
The cover picture is based on the Full Paper Determination of Particulate Matter Emission Factors of Common Pyrotechnic Articles by Fritz Keller and Christian Schragen, https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202000292. The Full Paper can be found on page 825 ff.
Bis 2020 ermittelte und berichtete das Umweltbundesamt (UBA) die Emissionen aus dem Abbrand von Feuerwerk nach der im EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook beschriebenen Methode. Diese verwendet Emissionsfaktoren, die auf Expertenschätzungen beruhen. Nun liegen experimentell bestimmte Messwerte zu Feinstaubemissionen aus Feuerwerk vor, die der Verband der pyrotechnischen Industrie bei einem unabhängigen Prüfinstitut beauftragt hat. Zusammen mit der gleichzeitig präzisierten Ermittlung der Aktivitätsraten ergibt sich eine novellierte Methodik zur Berechnung von Feinstaubemissionen von Feuerwerk. Es zeigt sich, dass die EMEP/EEA-Methode die Emissionen stark überschätzt. Darüber hinaus stellt diese Arbeit die Auswirkungen der Feuerwerksemissionen auf die Luftqualität zu Silvester dar. Ergänzend zur neuen Methodik werden technische und gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen aus dem deutschen Sprengstoff- und europäischen Pyrotechnik- und Chemikalienrecht erläutert. Mit diesem Artikel wird das komplexe Thema „Emissionen aus dem Abbrand von Feuerwerk“ wissenschaftlich und umfassend analysiert.
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