(4) RESUMO A fitorremediação -uso de plantas e comunidades microbianas associadas à rizosfera para degradar, isolar ou imobilizar contaminantes do solo e água -é uma técnica de custo relativamente baixo, vantagens estéticas e que não gera impactos adicionais. A maioria dos estudos com plantas na recuperação de áreas contaminadas tem sido desenvolvida em países de clima temperado, onde o potencial da fitorremediação é limitado por fatores climáticos. No Brasil, o conhecimento acerca do potencial fitorremediador das várias espécies de plantas e comunidades microbianas em solos tropicais é ainda muito escasso, o que, associado à falta de instrumentos de aferição e de apoio à decisão, dificulta a recomendação por parte das agências ambientais e empresas. A presente revisão descreve brevemente os mecanismos de fitorremediação e discute aspectos sociais, econômicos e reguladores que representam entraves ao amplo desenvolvimento da técnica, em comparação com técnicas convencionais, mais conhecidas e aceitas pelas agências e empresas. Finalmente, o mercado brasileiro presente e futuro é discutido, sendo sugerida a criação de protocolos experimentais e instrumentos de apoio à decisão que estimulem a aplicação da fitorremediação nos casos em que ela se apresente como a opção mais adequada.Termos de indexação: árvore de decisão, bioaumento, biorremediação, contaminantes orgânicos, metais tóxicos.(1) Recebido para publicação em fevereiro de 2010 e aprovado em outubro de 2010.(2) Professor Adjunto,
Germination rate in contaminated soils cannot be used as the sole indicator to select suitable species for phytoremediation trials, since it does not predict the plant development after germination. As a result, most screening tests for selection of specie with phytoremediation potential to treat contaminated soils include germination rate and biomass production. These screenings take several months and considerable space in greenhouses. As an attempt to reduce the time required for screening, seedling emergence and root and aerial biomass growth in a very early stage of plant development were investigated in soil contaminated with crude oil. The experimental design was based on a factorial of 6x6x50 where seeds from six tropical species (Ricinus communis-castor bean; Helianthum annus-sunflower, Glycine max-soybean; Acacia holosericea-candelabra wattle; Brachiaria brizantha-braquiaria; Tibouchina granulosa-quaresmeira) were placed in sterilized sand contaminated with crude oil at 6 oil concentrations (0%-control, 0.05%, 0.5%, 2%, 4% and 6% weight/dry weight) in boxes with 50 seeds. Four replicates resulted in a total of 7200 seeds (1 200/specie) in 144 experimental units kept in a greenhouse under light and temperature controlled conditions. It was observed that depending on the oil concentration and specie, germination can be significantly (= 0.05) postponed or reduced and root as well as aerial dry biomass can be reduced. Root biomass increase was observed for oleaginous species soybean, sunflower and castor bean. Candelabra wattle was the only specie not significantly affected. The results support the hypothesis that more than one type of oil-soil-plant interaction might occur. The ranking in terms of tolerance to the crude oil, considering all variables analyzed was: A. holosericea > G. max = B. brizantha > H. annus > R. communis > T. granulosa. The low cost and short time required by the screening procedure proposed make it useful and effective for testing many species simultaneously, as the first step of a full-scale phytoremediation trial.
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