Research on multiple roles has supported the enhancement hypothesis, but it is unclear if benefits of multiple role involvement exist across all segments of the population. This study was designed to examine whether the role enhancement hypothesis suits both men and women with varied education levels. A further goal was to determine if perceived control moderates associations between multiple role involvement and well-being. This sample included 2,634 individuals from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey who occupied up to eight roles each. Psychological well-being was measured in six dimensions (autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance); positive and negative affect were also measured. Results of hierarchical regression analyses supported the role enhancement hypothesis, as greater role involvement was associated with greater well-being; however, the findings suggest that it was only well educated women with multiple roles who showed higher levels of autonomy. Perceived control was also found to moderate some of the obtained linkages.Contemporary women and men are frequently invested in multiple roles. A recent national survey shows that 64% of women and 74% of men aged 25-74 are married, and only 17% do not have children (Marks, Bumpass, & Jun, 2004). In addition, 70% of women and 81.9% of men between the ages of 20 and 64 are in the labor force (Clark & Weismantle, 2003), and over one-half of women with a newborn child were employed in 1995 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1998). The role of elder caregiver is also becoming more common, as women and men in the United States can currently expect to spend more years of their life with one or both parents over the age of 65 than with children under the age of 18 (Watkins, Menken, & Bongaarts, 1987).The present study was based on a national sample of American women and men in order to examine the association between multiple roles and six dimensions of psychological well-being. Educational standing was a key variable in the study to clarify how position in the social structure might be central to understanding how multiple roles and well-being are linked. In this investigation we also examined how this association was moderated by perceived control, which has been a focus of inquiry as a moderator of social class influences on health and well-being. Multiple Role TheoriesTwo theories have been proposed to explain the effects of multiple roles on well-being. The role strain perspective, or scarcity hypothesis, proposes that increased numbers of roles lead to overload and strain, which can translate into negative effects on physical and psychological well-being (Goode, 1960;Marks, 1977). Many researchers have failed to find extensive support for this theory (