Honey bees (Apis spp.) are social insects that possess unique gut microbiota community. There are three main phyla that dominate the honey bees gut microbiota; Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria in which several species among them belong to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In general, some species of LAB can be developed as potential probiotics due to their capability to produce bioactive compounds such as organic acid (lactic acid, acetate acid and formic acid), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), ethanol, enzymes, benzoate, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), free fatty acid, and volatile compounds that in a synergistic action work as broad-spectrum antimicrobials toward several pathogens. Several strains of LAB that living in symbiosis within the digestive tract of honey bees have been isolated, among them are quite promising to be developed as probiotics. Multiple studies have shown the inhibitory effect of LAB from honey bees against pathogenic microorganisms. Formic acid and lactic acid produced by symbiotic LAB could decrease the environmental pH of wounds, therefore prevent the growth of pathogenic microbes. Furthermore, the volatile compound produced by LAB is toxic, while H 2 O 2 in small numbers is needed for optimal wound recovery. LAB capable of producing broad-spectrum antibacterial compounds such as Serratia marcescens, Eschericia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., S. aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. Additionally, LAB possess antioxidant activity and to adhere the epithelial cells. This paper aimed to discuss varieties of LAB from the digestive tract of honey bees and their potential as probiotics that could benefit healthcare.

Insect vectors disease is a major problem for chilli crop production in North Sulawesi. The effect is significant in decreasing crop production. The use of plant-derived insecticide is potential and environmentally friendly way in controlling the insect, as a form of integrated pest management. Seeds of Bitung (Barringtonia asiatica) and seeds of soursop (Annona muricata) plants can be used as an organic insectiside to control the several types of insect vectors in pepper crop. The purpose of this study was to determine effects of the application of extracts of B. asiatica and A. muricata on the growth of insect vector (Aphis gossypii) in pepper and and determine the extracts's lethal level. This research was conducted in the Green House of Plant Pests and Diseases Department of the Faculty of Agriculture Unsrat Manado, for 6 months time. The research used a complete randomized design consisting of 6 treatments; each treatment was consisted of three replications. The results showed that the percentage of dead insects assay (Aphis gossypii) increased as the concentration of the extract used increased. This study found that the concentration of soursop seed extract at 50 g / l and a concentration of 1.75% Bitung seed extract was the best to be used as a botanical insecticide in controlling the insect population vector (Aphis gossypii) in laboratory conditions. It has an effective lethal concentration for 93, 67% and 90.0% of all test insect population. Overall bioactivity increased the effectiveness of soursop Bitung seed extract as botanical insecticides.

Indonesian indigenous bacterial isolates of B. thuringiensis pathogenic to cabbage pest (C. binotalis) were molecularly characterized and identified using DNA fingerprinting method of ARDRA (Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis). Chromosomal DNA of 10 selected isolates (SLK2.3, SRNG4.2, TKO1, TK9, YPPA1, UG1A, BLPPN8.2, YWKA1, BAU3.2, LPST1) and 2 reference strains (B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki HD1 & B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis H14) were isolated and purified by standard method. 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR method using universal primers of 27f and 1529r. PCR products were digested by 4 restriction endonucleases (EcoR1, HindIII, Pst1 dan HaeIII), and separated by agarose electrophoresis method to generate ARDRA profiles. Results of study showed that only ARDRA profiles generated by Hae III digestion were found to be meaningful and therefore used to identify the isolates. The ARDRA profile analysis indicated that the reference strain of B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki HD1 could be clearly separated with B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis H14. In fact, those two strains have been widely recognized to be different in terms of their pathogenic specifity against insects. B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki HD1 has been known to be specifically pathogenic to Lepidopteran whereas B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis H14 has been known to be specifically pathogenic to Dipteran. ABSTRAKIsolat bakteri Bacillus thuringiensis endogenik Indonesia yang patogenik terhadap hama kubis (Crocidolomia binotalis Zell.) dikarakterisasi dan diidentifikasi secara molecular dengan menggunakan metode sidik jari DNA (ARDRA : Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis).DNA kromosomal 10 isolat terpilih (SLK2.3, SRNG4.2, TKO1, TK9, YPPA1, UG1A, BLPPN8.2, YWKA1, BAU3.2, LPST1) dan 2 strain acuan (B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki HD1 dan B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis H14) diisolasi dan dipurifikasi dengan metode standar. Gen 16S rRNA diamplifikasi dengan metode PCR menggunakan primer universal 27f dan 1529r. Produk PCR yang berupa gen 16S rRNA didigesti dengan 4 macam enzim restriksi (EcoR1, HindIII, Pst1 dan HaeIII). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya profil ARDRA yang dihasilkan oleh enzim HaeIII yang memberikan makna sehingga profil tersebutlah yang digunakan untuk melakukan identifikasi isolat yang diteliti. Analisis profil ARDRA menunjukkan bahwa strain acuan B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki HD1 dapat dibedakan secara tegas dan jelas dengan strain acuan B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis H14. Padahal kedua strain ini memang telah dikenal secara luas merupakan dua strain yang berbeda dalam hal spesifitas patogenisitas terhadap kelompok serangga. Bakteri B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki dikenal patogenik terhadap kelompok serangga anggota ordo Lepidoptera sedangkan B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis dikenal patogenik terhadap kelompok serangga anggota ordo Diptera.

Aedes aegypti is the most dominant vector in the transmission of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). In addition to Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus is a secondary vector of the dengue virus, and both species are widespread in Indonesia. The dengue virus is transmitted from person to person through the bite of an Aedes spp. The vertical (transovarial) transmission of the dengue virus from infective female mosquitoes to their offspring is one of the means by which the dengue virus maintains its existence in nature. Transovarial dengue virus transmission in Aedes spp. mosquitoes contributes to the spread and maintenance of the dengue epidemic. This study employed a qualitative survey to detect dengue virus transovarial transmission in Ternate using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ISBPC) immunohistochemical test. The ISBPC examination of samples collected from the four subdistricts in Ternate revealed a positive result for transovarial transmission of dengue virus. Four Aedes spp., including two Ae. aegypti females, one Ae. albopictus female, and one Ae. albopictus male, tested positive for transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the district of North Ternate. Four Aedes spp., including three Ae. aegypti females and one Ae. aegypti male, were found to be positive for the transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the Central Ternate district. Seven Aedes spp., including five Ae. aegypti females, one Ae. aegypti male, and one Ae. albopictus female, tested positive for transovarial transmission of the dengue virus in the district of South Ternate city. One Ae. aegypti male showed positive results for transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the Ternate Island District. In this study, the transovarial transmission of the dengue virus occurred in both Aedes spp. female and male mosquitoes. It was demonstrated that Aedes spp. carry the dengue virus in their ovaries and can pass it on to their offspring. As a result, the cycle of passing the dengue virus on to local mosquito populations in the city of Ternate is not going to end just yet.

Searching the plants in which can produce biopesticides, such as antifeedant to control the insect pests, it attracted the attention of worldwide researches. It is due to in the crop protection, the compounds of antifeedant do not kill, repel or entrap insects, but just inhibit the insect's appetite, so that the food crops or the commodity can be protected. Plutella xylostella (L) is the insect pests which is cosmopolitantly distributed in. Its attacks could damage vegetables resulting in loss of quantitative and qualitative. To overcome these problems, need to develop a means of pest control, which are effective but environmental friendly. North Sulawesi has a lot of plants, which is potentially developed as a source of botanical insecticides. Pangi Plant (Pangium sp.) is a plant species which potentially developed and effective against several types of insect pests, but testing by using crude extract can give varies results depending on the type of extract used, the test insects and environment factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of leaf extracts pangi (Pangium sp.) as antifeedant against Plutella xylostella. The method used is the method of Qin et al. (2004). To determine the class of active compounds to extract the thick antifeedant have done by taking each extract to make a concentrations of 1% (w / v), 5% (w / v), and 10% (w / v). Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (One-way ANOVA). The results showed that, the leaf extract of condensed pangi were able to inhibit the feeding activity of the larvae of P. xylostella. Keywords : biopesticide, Pangium sp., Plutella xylostella ABSTRAK   Penelusuran tumbuh-tumbuhan yang dapat menghasilkan biopestisida, seperti anti makan (antifeedant) untuk mengendalikan hama serangga, sangat menarik perhatian para peneliti di seluruh dunia. Hal ini disebabkan karena dalam perlindungan tanaman, senyawa anti makan tidak membunuh, mengusir atau menjerat serangga hama, tetapi hanya menghambat selera makan dari serangga tersebut, sehingga tanaman pangan atau komoditi dapat terlindungi. Plutella xylostella (L) merupakan serangga hama yang penyebarannya bersifat kosmopolitan. Serangan ini dapat merusak tanaman sayuran mengakibatkan kehilangan hasil secara kuantitatif maupun kualitatif. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, perlu dikembangkan sarana pengendalian hama yang efektif tetapi ramah lingkungan. Sulawesi Utara memiliki banyak tumbuhan yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber insektisida botani. Tanaman pangi (Pangium sp.) adalah  jenis tumbuhan yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan dan efektif terhadap beberapa jenis serangga hama, namun pengujian dengan menggunakan ekstrak kasar dapat memberikan hasil yang beragam tergantung dari jenis ekstrak yang digunakan, faktor serangga uji dan lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak daun pangi (Pangium sp.) sebagai anti makan terhadap P. xylostella. Metode yang digunakan adalah  metode Qin et al. (2004). Untuk mengetahui golongan senyawa aktif anti makan terhadap ekstrak kental dilakukan dengan mengambil masing-masing ekstrak untuk dibuat konsentrasi 1 % (b/v), 5 % (b/v), dan 10 % (b/v). Data dianalisa dengan analisis varians (One-way Anova). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Ekstrak kental daun pangi mampu menghambat aktivitas makan dari larva P. xylostella.  Eugenia Volume 18  No. 3  Desember 2012 Kata Kunci : biopestisida, Pangium sp., Plutella xylostella