As adolescents grow up, one of the important developmental tasks is to individuate themselves and to become more autonomous from parents. This requires a realignment of the parent-adolescent communication. The current meta-analytic study aims at identifying developmental changes in parent-adolescent communication, conceptualized within the parental monitoring framework, as entailing parental solicitation, control and knowledge, and adolescent's disclosure and secrecy. Thirty-one longitudinal studies published between 2000 and 2015 were identified and included in the current meta-analysis. Informants, age at assessment and study duration were tested as moderators. Results showed a low to medium normative decline in parental control (Cohen's d =-.395, 95% CI [-.541,-.249]), knowledge (d =-.245,95% CI [-.331,-.160] and adolescence disclosure (d =-.147, 95% CI [-.204,-.090]), and an increase in adolescent's secrecy (d = .194, CI [031, .356]). Parental solicitation decreased based on parents' (d =-0.242, 95% CI[-0.376,-0.109]) but not on adolescents' reports (d = 0.038, 95% CI[-0.099, 0.175]). Another significant moderator was the duration of the study, with studies longer than 2 years being able to detect a more pronounced change in parental control than studies lasting less than 2 years (≤ 2 years, d=-0.139 vs. duration > 2 years, d=-0.581). Limitations of the current knowledge and new direction of studies are discussed.
CACR can be successfully administered in this population; it proved to be effective over and above CG for the most intensively trained cognitive ability.
This innovative study of IDC burden shows that day-to-day fluctuations are an important part of caregivers' real-life experiences and that half of this variability is predicted by currently understudied factors. Inviting caregivers to monitor clinical outcomes daily over 1 or 2 weeks could help tailor interventions to their individual needs and also empower them.
The use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) for studying parenting has been rare. We examined the psychometric properties and structural validity of an EMA Parenting Scale based on 32 mothers' reports of their parenting over a period of 10 consecutive days, and explored the acceptance of the scale and compliance with the procedure. The results suggested that the EMA Parenting Scale was well accepted for the assessment of daily parenting, and that it consistently captured the overreactive and lax dimensions of parenting across different episodes of child misbehavior. Moreover, multilevel analyses suggested that the scale was sensitive to change across different parenting episodes, and that it reliably assessed the dimensions at both the personal and situational levels.
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