Instrument content validity is often established through qualitative expert reviews, yet quantitative analysis of reviewer agreements is also advocated in the literature. Two quantitative approaches to content validity estimations were compared and contrasted using a newly developed instrument called the Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Tool (ORAT). Data obtained from a panel of eight expert judges were analyzed. A Content Validity Index (CVI) initially determined that only one item lacked interrater proportion agreement about its relevance to the instrument as a whole (CVI = 0.57). Concern that higher proportion agreement ratings might be due to random chance stimulated further analysis using a multirater kappa coefficient of agreement. An additional seven items had low kappas, ranging from 0.29 to 0.48 and indicating poor agreement among the experts. The findings supported the elimination or revision of eight items. Pros and cons to using both proportion agreement and kappa coefficient analysis are examined.

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This study provides statistically significant data that demonstrate that chipped fingernail polish or fingernail polish worn longer than four days fosters increased numbers of bacteria on the fingernails of OR nurses after surgical hand scrubs. There were no significant correlations between fingernail length and the numbers of bacterial colonies on the fingernails of the study groups tested after performing a standard surgical hand scrub. A convenience sample 102 perioperative nurses with either freshly polished fingernails; chipped fingernail polish; or natural, polish‐free fingernails participated. The data suggest OR nurses can wear fresh fingernail polish on healthy fingernails without risking increased bacterial counts. AORN J 60 (NOV 1994) 796–805.

Demographic and socioeconomic variables were related to TSE knowledge and performance. Further investigation is required to determine why men, especially ethnic minority men, are not performing this important cancer-screening activity.