Glick and Fiske's (1996) Ambivalent Sexism Inventory is a measure of hostile sexism (sexist antipathy) and benevolent sexism (a subjectively positive attitude toward women). This paper proposes a French version of this scale, the Échelle de Sexisme Ambivalent (ESA). Three studies on more than 1 000 participants established the validity of this new scale. The first one is the application of Rasch's extended model that confirmed the psychometrical qualities of the ESA, for both male and female participants. The second study established the structural and predictive validity in a covariance analysis. This study again showed that both male and female participants displayed the same structural pattern. Next, both discriminant and convergent validity were assessed, by comparison to the Neosexism Scale (Tougas, Brown, Beaton and Joly, 1995) and the Social Dominance Scale (Sidanius and Pratto, 1999). Finally, practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

Why, how and when does mood influence positive testing, that is, the selection of matching questions, when people actively search for information about others they meet? In four experiments, we demonstrated that happy mood increased positive testing compared to sad mood. Experiment 1 showed that happy participants were more strongly motivated to get along and smooth the interaction to come than sad ones. In addition, evidence was provided by a mediation analysis that happy mood increased the preference for positive testing because of such an improved motivation to get along. Furthermore, Experiment 2 showed that happy participants' preference for positive testing vanished when cognitive resources were limited. The preference for positive testing appeared under happy mood only when the context made salient the goal to get along (Experiments 3 and 4). Affective states colour how people think and how they use information when interacting with others. Being happy or sad influences many steps of information processing, such as attention to information, selective encoding and retrieval or evaluative judgment. Surprisingly, however, nearly all of the research we could cite relies on participants that process information passively received. What about the impact of mood on the way people actively gather information about another person? This question has so far received very little if any attention. In this paper, we propose to investigate the moderating role of positive and negative mood on people's tendency to engage in positive testing, that is, using matching questions that focus on the same attributes as the hypothesis to be tested. Specifically, we are interested in why, how and when mood influences the way people actively use positive testing about others they meet. MOOD, PROCESSING STYLE AND GOAL PURSUITAs recently reviewed by Schwarz and Clore (2007; see also Fiedler, 2000Fiedler, , 2001 One explanation is that mood serves as information about the value and significance of whatever comes to mind. According to Clore and Huntsinger (2007), positive mood validates any accessible cognition or information and as a matter of fact any dominant response, whereas negative mood would not or even could invalidate them. In a similar way, positive mood, compared to negative one, promotes relational processing (i.e. relating the information to one's own expectancy). These propositions are indeed perfectly consistent with the idea that mood is a moderator influencing processing style by serving as experiential (and bodily) information regarding what reaction is to be taken with respect to the situation and/or the target of a judgment. According to this affect-as-information model (Bless, 2000;Clore & Storbeck, 2006;Schwarz, 1990), positive mood suggests that the situation is benign and that the target does not carry any danger. Because no special action is to be taken, positive mood leads to top-down use of pre-existing knowledge, such as category or stereotype. Conversely, negative mood suggests that the situation a...

Neutrophils contain several populations of secretory granules with characteristic sets of proteins. Granule proteins are sorted into their respective granule types by temporal regulation of their expression during cell differentiation and/or by specific targeting signals. We investigated the expression of some granule proteins in human promyelocytic NB4 cells. Like other myeloid cell lines which can be differentiated into neutrophils, NB4 cells lack the specific-granule population. We report here that, nevertheless, they express the specific-granule matrix protein lactoferrin, when differentiated with retinoic acid. Lactoferrin and the azurophil-granule protein beta-glucuronidase were simultaneously expressed, whereas myeloperoxidase expression had stopped, showing that azurophil-granule proteins are not all produced concomitantly. Cell fractionation by Percoll gradient revealed that while beta-glucuronidase co-fractionated with myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin was mostly contained in a vesicular compartment free of markers for azurophil granules, plasma membrane, and Golgi. This vesicular compartment was not implicated in regulated exocytosis since it was not mobilized by secretagogues, which, in parallel, induced the release of myeloperoxidase. Furthermore, the specific granule-membrane protein cytochrome b558 also became expressed during NB4-cell differentiation. However, it did not co-localize with lactoferrin but was present in the plasma-membrane fraction. Therefore, differentiation of NB4 cells with retinoic acid leads to the expression of specific- and azurophil-granule proteins and provides a unique cell line model to study the mechanisms involved in the sorting of azurophil- and specific-granule proteins.