ABSTRACT:The in vitro metabolism of rivaroxaban, a novel, oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders, was investigated in several species, including humans. The objective of this study was to elucidate metabolite structures and identify the metabolic pathways to provide support for in vivo safety and clinical studies.

The efrapeptin family of peptide antibiotics produced by the fungus Tolypocladium niveum, and the neo-efrapeptins from the fungus Geotrichum candidumare inhibitors of F(1)-ATPase with promising antitumor, antimalaria, and insecticidal activity. They are rich in C(α)-dialkyl amino acids (Aib, Iva, Acc) and contain one β-alanine and several pipecolic acid residues. The C-terminus bears an unusual heterocyclic cationic cap. The efrapeptins C-G and three analogues of efrapeptin C were synthesized using α-azido carboxylic acids as masked amino acid derivatives. All compounds display inhibitory activity toward F(1)-ATPase. The conformation in solution of the peptides was investigated with electronic CD spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and VCD spectroscopy. All efrapeptins and most efrapeptin analogues were shown to adopt helical conformations in solution. In the case of efrapeptin C, VCD spectra proved that a 3(10)-helix prevails. In addition, efrapeptin C was conformationally studied in detail with NMR and molecular modeling. Besides NOE distance restraints, residual dipolar couplings (RDC) observed upon partial alignment with stretched PDMS gels were used for the conformational analysis and confirmed the 3(10)-helical conformation.

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Abstract13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is traditionally considered an insensitive technique, requiring long acquisition times to measure dilute functionalities on large polymers. With the introduction of cryoprobes and better electronics, sensitivity has improved in a way that allows measurements to take less than 1/20th the time that they previously did. Unfortunately, a high Q‐factor with cryoprobes creates baseline curvature related to acoustic ringing that affects quantitative NMR analyses. Manual baseline correction is commonly used to compensate for the baseline roll, but it is a time‐intensive process. The outcome of manual baseline correction can vary depending on processing parameters, especially for complicated spectra. Additionally, it can be challenging to distinguish between broad peaks and baseline rolls. A new anti‐ring pulse sequence (zgig_pisp) was previously reported to improve on the incumbent single pulse experiment (zgig). The original report presented limited comparison data with 13C NMR, but a thorough validation is needed before broader implementation can be considered. In this work, we report the round‐robin testing and comparison of zgig_pisp and zgig pulse sequences. During the testing phase, we found that zgig_pisp is practically equivalent to zgig to ±2% for the majority of integrals examined. Additionally, a short broadband inversion pulse (BIP) was demonstrated as an alternative to the originally reported adiabatic CHIRP shaped pulse. The zgig_pisp pulse sequence code for Bruker spectrometers is also simplified.