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The decarbonisation of industry is a bottleneck for the EU’s 2050 target of climate neutrality. Replacing fossil fuels with low-carbon electricity is at the core of this challenge; however, the aggregate electrification potential and resulting system-wide CO2 reductions for diverse industrial processes are unknown. Here, we present the results from a comprehensive bottom-up analysis of the energy use in 11 industrial sectors (accounting for 92% of Europe’s industry CO2 emissions), and estimate the technological potential for industry electrification in three stages. Seventy-eight per cent of the energy demand is electrifiable with technologies that are already established, while 99% electrification can be achieved with the addition of technologies currently under development. Such a deep electrification reduces CO2 emissions already based on the carbon intensity of today’s electricity (∼300 gCO2 kWhel −1). With an increasing decarbonisation of the power sector IEA: 12 gCO2 kWhel −1 in 2050), electrification could cut CO2 emissions by 78%, and almost entirely abate the energy-related CO2 emissions, reducing the industry bottleneck to only residual process emissions. Despite its decarbonisation potential, the extent to which direct electrification will be deployed in industry remains uncertain and depends on the relative cost of electric technologies compared to other low-carbon options.

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Iron(III) mononuclear complexes that involve pentadentate Schiff base ligands and chlorido, azido, cyanido, cyanato, thiocyanato, or selenocyanato coligands were synthesized, structurally characterized, and subjected to a magnetochemical investigation. The Schiff bases were derived either from 5‐chlorosalicylaldehyde or the 2‐hydroxyacetonaphthone analogues by using an asymmetric 1,6‐diamino‐4‐azahexane. A polymorphism that originated from different pentadentate ligand conformations on the iron center or different arrangements of noncovalent contacts was detected for the thiocyanato complexes. The central iron(III) atoms are mostly in the high‐spin states, except for that with the coordinated cyanido ligand. Four complexes that contain the thiocyanato or selenocyanato ligand exhibit spin crossover, centered at the critical temperature (Tc) of 42, 114, 282, and 293 K, respectively. The magnetic data of all compounds were analyzed using the spin Hamiltonian formalism including the zero‐field splitting (ZFS) term, and in the case of the spin‐crossover compounds, the Ising‐like model with vibrations was applied.

Future gravitational wave detectors (GWDs) such as Advanced LIGO upgrades and the Einstein Telescope are planned to operate at cryogenic temperatures using crystalline silicon (cSi) test-mass mirrors at an operation wavelength of 1550 nm. The reduction in temperature in principle provides a direct reduction in coating thermal noise, but the presently used coating stacks which are composed of silica (SiO2) and tantala (Ta2O5) show cryogenic loss peaks which results in less thermal noise improvement than might be expected. Due to low mechanical loss at low temperature amorphous silicon (aSi) is a very promising candidate material for dielectric mirror coatings and could replace Ta2O5. Unfortunately, such a aSi/SiO2 coating is not suitable for use in GWDs due to high optical absorption in aSi coatings. We explore the use of a three material based coating stack. In this multimaterial design the low absorbing Ta2O5 in the outermost coating layers significantly reduces the incident light power, while aSi is used only in the lower bilayers to maintain low optical absorption. Such a coating design would enable a reduction of Brownian thermal noise by 25 %. We show experimentally that an optical absorption of only (5.3 ± 0.4) ppm at 1550 nm should be achievable.