Isopropyl alcohol, or propan-2-ol (IPA), is found in numerous chemicals including alcohol-based hand rubs whose use has been recently widely extended to the general population since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This widespread of IPA use could potentially, but not necessarily, be responsible for an increase in IPA poisoning cases (e.g., in alcoholics and/or for suicide attempt, even more in a lockdown situation). Forensic identification of IPA-related fatalities remains challenging as IPA post mortem detection can also result from antemortem or post mortem production, or post mortem contamination. In order to illustrate this issue, we report the case of a 33-year-old man found dead with a bottle of pure IPA liquid close to him. Toxicological positive results only consisted in IPA (464, 260, 465 and 991 mg/L) and acetone (1560, 2340, 3040 and 1360 mg/L) in blood, vitreous humour, urine and bile, respectively (determinations using headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detection). These IPA absolute concentrations and IPA-to-acetone ratios appear inferior to those usually reported in the literature (higher than 1000 mg/L and 1.1, respectively) in IPA poisoning cases. In conclusion, this death can be cautiously regarded as an IPA ingestion-related fatality in the hypothesis of a survival time which have promoted IPA metabolism to acetone: this hypothesis is supported by the putative limited IPA-ingested dose. This report emphasizes the fact that post mortem IPA and acetone concentration interpretation involves to take account of (i) results in multiple biological specimens, (ii) complete case history, and (iii) a search of possible IPA presence at the scene of death.
ABSTRACT:We report a case of fatal intoxication from 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), which was ingested by a young and "na€ ıve" gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) consumer during a party with the co-ingestion of alcohol, cannabis, and methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine. The following drug concentrations were found using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry on autopsy samples and on a cup and a glass found at the scene: 20,350 mg/L (bottle) for 1,4-BD; 1020 mg/L (femoral blood), 3380 mg/L (cardiac blood), 47,280 mg/L (gastric content), and 570 mg/L (vitreous humor) for GHB. The concentration of GHB is difficult to interpret in forensic cases due to the possibility of an endogenous production of GHB. The variable tolerance of the user may also modify the peri-and postmortem GHB concentrations. This case underscores the need to have many different sources of toxicology samples analyzed to avoid the hypothesis of endogenous production of GHB.
Objectifs La dépendance au tramadol (TR), antalgique morphinomimétique le plus prescrit en France, est une réalité inquiétante : obtention illégale en augmentation (enquête OPPIDUM 2018) et implication la plus fréquente dans les décès, directs ou indirects (par ex. par noyade), par antalgiques : 49/119 décès de l’enquête DTA 2018. Nous rapportons ici un type particulier de décès : celui d’un nourrisson (Mort Inattendue du Nourrisson ou MIN) en lien avec l’addiction au TR d’un parent en période de confinement lié à la pandémie de COVID-19. Méthode Couché la veille au soir par le compagnon de sa mère, après un biberon de jus d’orange et un bain, un enfant de 11 mois est retrouvé décédé dans son lit. L’autopsie révèle une cyanose et une congestion polyviscérale, cohérentes avec l’hypothèse d’un décès par détresse respiratoire aiguë. Résultats Les analyses toxicologiques (CL-SM/SM et CL-SMHR) mettent en évidence, à l’exclusion de tout autre toxique, du TR [sang cardiaque (SC) 6240 μg/L (toxicité adulte > 800 μg/L) ; urine (UR) 291 mg/L], de l’O-desméthyl-TR (O-DMT) [SC 902 μg/L ; UR 127 mg/L] et du N-desméthyl-TR (N-DMT) [SC 993 μg/L ; UR 39,8 mg/L]. Au-delà de questions d’ontogénie et du génotype CYP2D6 de l’enfant [CYP2D6*1/*17 cohérent avec les ratios métaboliques (RM) SG et UR], ces résultats sont compatibles avec une administration de TR ayant entraîné des effets toxiques majeurs potentiellement létaux (dépression respiratoire sévère, coma, convulsions, troubles cardiaques) chez cet enfant. Dans ce contexte d’empoisonnement, d’une cohérence avec les déclarations de la mère et de son compagnon [addiction maternelle au TR, et à cet usage, bouteille de jus d’orange préparée avec des comprimés de TR, accidentellement utilisée par le compagnon pour préparer le biberon (60 à 90 mL pris par l’enfant)] et de la question d’éventuelles administrations préalables de TR à ce nourrisson, une analyse des phanères [cheveux et ongles] de l’enfant, de la mère, du compagnon et de la sœur (6 ans) de l’enfant est réalisée [concentrations en pg/mg ; segments capillaires de 2 cm du proximal (S1) au distal (S3) ; nd : non détecté] : enfant [cheveux : TR 1420 (S1), 1622 (S2), 2736 (S3) ; O-DMT 16 à 38 ; N-DMT 34 à 100 (TR en quantité significative dans les bains de décontamination) – ongles : TR 584 ; O-DMT 8 ; N-DMT 15], mère [cheveux : TR 2340 (S1), 2150 (S2), 2500 (S3) ; O-DMT 704 à 1170 ; N-DMT 827 à 1360], compagnon [ongles : TR 72 ; O-DMT nd ; N-DMT nd] et sœur [cheveux : TR 261 (S1), 524 (S2) ; O-DMT 15 (S1), 16 (S2) ; N-DMT 20 (S1), 38 (S2)]. Les profils des concentrations capillaires, les RM dans les cheveux de l’enfant et de sa sœur comparables à ceux relevés chez des employés de l’industrie pharmaceutique fabricant le tramadol [1] , les quantités de TR dans les bains de contamination, les concentrations faibles observées dans les ongles de l’enfant et du compagnon [2] : ...
An 11‐month‐old boy was found dead. Autopsy findings (cyanosis and polyvisceral congestion) and blood tramadol (TR) concentration of 6240 μg/L were consistent with an acute TR intoxication. In this poisoning situation, owing to the mother's statements (TR addiction leading to daily TR‐orange juice mixture preparation accidentally used for the baby bottle preparation by the mother's partner), and the question of possible previous TR administrations to the infant, hair and/or nails (infant, mother, partner, 6‐year‐old sister) analysis was performed. Hair (2‐cm‐long hair segments from proximal [S1] to distal [S3]) and nails concentrations (pg/mg; nd: not detected) were as follows: Infant (hair: TR 1420 [S1], 1622 [S2], 2736 [S3]; O‐DMT 16–38; N‐DMT 34–100 [TR in significant quantities in the hair decontamination bath]—toenails: TR 584; O‐DMT 8; N‐DMT 15), mother (hair: TR 2340 [S1], 2150 [S2], 2500 [S3]; O‐DMT 704–1170; N‐DMT 827–1360), mother's partner (fingernails: TR 72; O‐DMT nd; N‐DMT nd) and sister (hair: TR 261 [S1], 524 [S2]; O‐DMT 15 [S1], 16 [S2]; N‐DMT 20 [S1], 38 [S2]). Metabolite ratio (infant and sister hair) was comparable to those observed in hair of pharmaceutical industry employees manufacturing tramadol. TR in washing baths, low observed nail concentrations (infant and partner) confirm (i) TR‐related mother's addiction and (ii) external contamination issues (TR in sweat of the child at the time of death and in living environment) to explain the infant's keratinized samples results. This case report illustrates the interest of analyzing keratinized matrices of the whole family in such a situation.
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