The typology of larval habitats and the species diversity of culicids were conducted in the Akanda and its environs by collecting mosquito larvae and nymphs present in water collections, from May to June 2019. A total of 334 breeding sites of which 158 positive (47.31%) and 176 negative (52.69%) were identified. Water storage media such as: barrels (n = 95; 28.44%), puddles (n = 73; 21.86%), ponds (n = 47; 14.07%), tires (n = 31; 9.28%) and drains (n = 22; 6.59%) were the most frequent types of breeding sites. In addition, 1 549 mosquito larvae were collected, of which 59.39% belong to the sub-family Culicinae and 40.61% belong to the sub family Anophelinae. After rearing, 790 adults were obtained and divided into 8 species, including Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae s.l., Anopheles pharaoensis, Culex tigripes, Culex decens, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Mansonia uniformis. Although preliminary, this information on the culicid fauna could be useful for the implementation of appropriate control strategies in the study area. Likewise, the presence of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in this area requires that additional studies on its resistance to insecticides be conducted as recommended by the World Health Organization.
Bien que l'importance des glossines dans la transmission des trypanosomes soit connue au Gabon, elle a longtemps masqué celle des stomoxes. C'est dans ce cadre qu'une étude sur la chorologie des Stomoxyinae a été conduite, en grande saison sèche et à l'aide de pièges Vavoua, dans un ancien foyer de la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine (THA) en particulier dans le Parc National de Moukalaba Doudou (PNMD). Au total 14 pièges Vavoua ont été placés dont 7 au village Doussala et 7 en forêt que sont les deux biotopes prospectés dans le PNMD. L'enquête entomologique a permis de mettre en évidence six (6) espèces de stomoxes qui vivent en sympatrie avec des densités apparentes (DAP) différentes suivant les espèces. En effet, Stomoxys omega avec une densité appaente par piège de 47,94 a été l'espèce la plus abondante, suivi de Stomoxys niger niger (DAP=19,49). Les autres espèces à savoir Stomoxys xanthomelas, Stomoxys niger bilineatus, Stomoxys calcitrans et Stomoxys transvittatus ont été très faiblement représentées avec des densités apparentes respectives de 0,25 ; 0,23 ; 0,012 et 0,004. La forte abondance des stomoxes dans ce parc nous interpelle à considérer ces insectes dans la lutte contre la THA dans cet ancien foyer.
Contexte : Les gîtes de développement des moustiques vecteurs et leur niveau de sensibilité aux insecticides ne sont pas connus à Oyem. Objectif : Caractériser les gîtes de reproduction des populations de moustiques d‘Oyem et évaluer leur sensibilité aux insecticides utilisés en santé publique. Matériel et méthodes : Des prospections et des collectes larvaires ont été menées en juillet 2020 (saison sèche) et de mi-novembre à mi-décembre 2020 (saison pluvieuse) dans la localité d’Oyem suivant un gradient d’anthropisation. De plus, les moustiques obtenus après émergence ont été testés au DDT 4%, à la Deltaméthrine 0,05%, à la Perméthrine 0,75%, à la Lambdacyalothrine 0,05%, à la Cyfluthrine 0,15%, au Bendiocarb 0,1% et au Malathion 5% selon le protocole standardisé de l’OMS de 2017. Résultats : Un total de 498 gîtes larvaires a été identifié dans la région d’Oyem. Ces gîtes étaient constitués de 24,9% de récipients domestiques (fûts, seaux, bidons, bassines, etc.), de pneus usés (18,2%), de marécages (9,4%), de flaques d’eau (42,2%), de lacs (1,4%), de rivières (1,6%), de caniveaux (1,4%) et de fosses septiques (1%). Près de 21 217 larves ont été collectées dont 59% appartenaient au genre Culex, 35% à Anopheles et 9% à Aedes. Dans la zone urbaine, les larves de Culex étaient les plus fréquentes (84,9%) et celles d’Aedes les moins rencontrées (4,5%). Cependant, dans la zone péri-urbaine, ce sont les larves d’Anopheles qui étaient les mieux représentées (64%) et les larves d’Aedes les moins collectées (2,9%). Enfin, dans la zone rurale, ce sont les larves de Culex qui ont été les plus récoltées (45,3%) et celles d’Aedes les moins observées (12,7%). Les résultats des bioéssais ont révélé que les populations d’Anopheles gambiae s.l. de la région d’Oyem sont résistantes au DDT, à la Deltaméthrine, à la Perméthrine, à la Lambdacyalothrine et à la Cyfluthrine, mais, sensibles au Bendiocarb et au Malathion. Conclusion : Bien que les anophèles d’Oyem soient déjà résistants aux Organochlorés et Pyréthrinoïdes, ils demeurent encore sensibles aux Carbamates et Organophosphorés. Ces deux familles d‘insecticides pourraient être utilisées en pulvérisation intradomiciliaire à Oyem. Toutefois, la recherche des mécanismes à l’origine de ces résistances constatées chez les moustiques d‘Oyem est nécessaire pour confirmer ou infirmer les résultats obtenus au cours des bioessais. Background: The development sites of mosquito vectors and their sensitivity level to insecticides are not known in Oyem. Objective: To characterize the mosquito breeding sites in Oyem and to assess their sensitivity to insecticides used in public health. Materials and methods: Larval surveys and collections were conducted in July 2020 (dry season) and from mid-November to mid-December 2020 (rainy season) in the locality of Oyem following an anthropization gradient. Moreover, mosquitoes obtained after emergence were tested with DDT 4%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Permethrin 0.75%, Lambdacyalothrin 0.05%, Cyfluthrin 0.15%, Bendiocarb 0.1% and Malathion 5% according to the 2017 WHO standardized protocol. Results: A total of 498 breeding sites was identified in the Oyem region. These larval habitats consisted of 24.9% of domestic containers (barrels, buckets, cans, basins, etc.), used tires (18.2%), swamps (9.4%), puddles (42.2%), lakes (1.4%), rivers (1.6%), gutters (1.4%) and septic tanks (1%). About 21,217 larvae were collected, 59% of which belonged to the genus Culex, 35% to Anopheles and 9% to Aedes. In urban area, Culex larvae were the most frequent (84.9%) and Aedes larvae were the least encountered (4.5%). However, in the peri-urban area, Anopheles larvae were the best represented (64%) and Aedes larvae were the least collected (2.9%). Finally, in the rural area, Culex larvae were the most harvested (45.3%) and Aedes larvae the least observed (12.7%). The results of the bioassays revealed that populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in the Oyem region are resistant to DDT, Deltamethrin, Permethrin, Lambdacyalothrin and Cyfluthrin. Conclusion: Although Anopheles in Oyem are already resistant to Organochlorines and Pyrethrinoids, they are still sensitive to Carbamates and Organophosphates. These two families of insecticides could be used for indoor residual spraying in Oyem. However, research into the mechanisms behind the resistance observed in mosquitoes from Oyem is necessary to confirm or refute the bioassay results.
Background: Reliable data on the Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices (KABP) of the indigenes of Akanda and its environs on the different approaches to fight against vectors of malaria is lacking. Objective: To evaluate the KABP of the indigenes of Akanda and its environs on the different techniques used to fight against vectors of malaria. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey using semi-structured questionnaires was conducted on heads of randomly selected households at Akanda from April to June 2019. Results: We interviewed 369 heads of households and the population had a high literacy rate. It was noticed that 94% of respondents knew that mosquitoes could transmit malaria. More than 80% believed that Insecticide-Treated bed Nets (ITNs) could protect them from malaria infection. There was no preference in ITNs usage with age cohorts and seasons of the year. The ITNs owned by respondents were mostly purchased from shops. Respondents underlined that their reluctance to sleep under ITNs was because of their inability to breath under such conditions. Also, apart from the use of ITNs for malaria control, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) using insecticides (mostly Rambo®) purchased from shops and cleaning around house surroundings were practiced by >50% of respondents. Conclusion: Despite respondent’s awareness of mosquitoes as vectors of malaria as well as the use of ITNs, IRS, and cleaning of home surroundings to reduce malaria vectors burden, the ITNs coverage rate is very weak and more sensitization is also required at Akanda in Gabon.
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