Over the last ten years, Oosterhof and Todorov's valence-dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgments of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov's methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries, and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov's original analysis strategy, the valence-dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence-dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods, correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution.

Facial expressions of emotion contain important information that is perceived and used by observers to understand others' emotional state. While there has been considerable research into perceptions of facial musculature and emotion, less work has been conducted to understand perceptions of facial coloration and emotion. The current research examined emotion-color associations in the context of the face. Across four experiments, participants were asked to manipulate the color of face, or shape, stimuli along two color axes (i.e., red-green, yellow-blue) for six target emotions (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise). The results yielded a pattern that is consistent with physiological and psychological models of emotion.Keywords: Emotion, Color, Face, Association EMOTION-COLOR ASSOCIATIONS 3Outward expressions of emotion convey information about an individual's internal physiological and psychological state. Perceptual expectations regarding emotion are generated and reinforced through continued interactions with others. Specifically, perceivable characteristics of emotion are detected and stored as information, which is later used to effectively predict and understand others' emotion (Jack, Garrod, & Schyns, 2013;Yuille & Kersten, 2006). These expectations therefore reflect deeply engrained emotion-perception associations. By studying these associations, we can understand how emotion information is transmitted and interpreted as social information.An important, yet understudied property of emotion expression is facial coloration. While a substantial amount of research on emotion expression has been dedicated to investigating facial musculature (Ekman, 1993), very little empirical work has been conducted to examine the role of facial coloration changes in emotion communication. However, facial coloration reflects physiological and psychological processes that are biologically and socially relevant. For example, facial color has been shown to influence perceptions of health (Stephen, Coetzee, Law Smith, & Perrett, 2009;Young, Thorstenson, & Pazda, 2016), attractiveness (Jones, Little, Burt, & Perrett, 2004;Thorstenson, Pazda, Elliot, & Perrett, 2016), and personality (Stephen, Oldham, Perrett, & Barton, 2012). Further, because the expression of emotion cues is an important component of emotion communication (Keltner & Haidt, 1999), we should expect to find cognitive and perceptual mechanisms that facilitate detecting such cues to emotion in others (Phelps, Ling, & Carrasco, 2006). In line with this, there is evidence that trichromatic color vision in humans is well suited, even optimized, for detecting subtle skin color changes resulting from physiological processes (Changizi, Zhang, & Shimojo, 2006; Lefevre, Ewbank, Calder, EMOTION-COLOR ASSOCIATIONS 4Hagen, & Perrett, 2013;Re, Whitehead, Xiao, & Perrett, 2011;Tan & Stephen, 2013). This suggests that skin color plays an important role in social communication. The current research aims to investigate observers' emotion-color associatio...

In the present research, we investigated whether the red-attraction relation that has been observed for men viewing women may also be observed with regard to women's facial redness. We manipulated facial redness by slightly increasing or decreasing the redness on the faces of baseline pictures of target women, and then had men judge the attractiveness of the women. We also examined healthiness perceptions as a mediator of the redness-attraction relation, along with several other candidate mediator variables. A series of experiments showed that increased redness led to increased ratings of attractiveness, and decreased redness led to decreased ratings of attractiveness. Perceived healthiness was documented as a mediator of the influence of female facial redness on male perceptions of attractiveness, and this mediation was independent of other candidate mediator variables. The findings highlight the importance of attending to facial coloration as an attraction-relevant cue and point to interesting areas for subsequent research.

Past research has shown that peripheral and facial redness influences perceptions of attractiveness for men viewing women. The current research investigated whether a parallel effect is present when women rate men with varying facial redness. In four experiments, women judged the attractiveness of men's faces, which were presented with varying degrees of redness.We also examined perceived healthiness and other candidate variables as mediators of the redattractiveness effect. The results show that facial redness positively influences ratings of men's attractiveness. Additionally, perceived healthiness was documented as a mediator of this effect, independent of other potential mediator variables. The current research emphasizes facial coloration as an important feature of social judgments.