<b><i>Background:</i></b> Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading hepatic disease in children, ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Age, sex, hormonal levels, pubertal stages, genetic risk- and epigenetic factors are among the many influencing factors. Appearing predominantly in children with obesity, but not exclusively, it is the liver’s manifestation of the metabolic syndrome but can also exist as an isolated entity. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Pediatric NAFLD differs from the adult phenotype. This narrative review on NAFLD in children with obesity provides an overview of the current knowledge on risk factors, screening, and diagnostic methods, as well state-of-the-art treatment. The recent discussion on the proposition of a new nomenclature – Metabolic [Dysfunction-] Associated Liver Disease – is featured, and current gaps of knowledge are discussed. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Currently, there is no international consensus on screening and monitoring of pediatric NAFLD. With lifestyle interventions being the cornerstone of treatment, no registered pharmacological treatment for pediatric NAFLD is available. Development and validation of additional noninvasive biomarkers, scores and imaging tools suitable to subcategorize, screen and monitor pediatric patients are necessary. With a variety of upcoming and promising agents, clear recommendations for pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis trials are urgently needed.
Until recently, glucagon was considered a mere antagonist to insulin, protecting the body from hypoglycemia. This notion changed with the discovery of the liver-alpha cell axis (LACA) as a feedback loop. The LACA describes how glucagon secretion and pancreatic alpha cell proliferation are stimulated by circulating amino acids. Glucagon in turn leads to an upregulation of amino acid metabolism and ureagenesis in the liver. Several increasingly common diseases (e.g., non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity) disrupt this feedback loop. It is important for clinicians and researchers alike to understand the liver-alpha cell axis and the metabolic sequelae of these diseases. While most of previous studies have focused on fasting concentrations of glucagon and amino acids, there is limited knowledge of their dynamics after glucose administration. The authors of this systematic review applied PRISMA guidelines and conducted PubMed searches to provide results of 8078 articles (screened and if relevant, studied in full). This systematic review aims to provide better insight into the LACA and its mediators (amino acids and glucagon), focusing on the relationship between glucose and the LACA in adult and pediatric subjects.
ZusammenfassungWenngleich die Prävalenz des Typ-2-Diabetes (T2D) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen im deutschsprachigen Raum im internationalen Vergleich niedrig ist, wird auch hierorts jährlich bei bis zu 300 jungen Patienten die Diagnose neu gestellt. Um mögliche Spätfolgen der Erkrankung zu vermeiden, ist eine effiziente Therapie frühzeitig notwendig. Eine Lebensstilmodifikation ist hier stets die Basis. Bis vor Kurzem gab es lediglich 2 zugelassene Medikamente für die Therapie des T2D bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Metformin und Insulin. Seit 2019 steht auch der „Glucagon-like-Peptide-1“(GLP-1)-Rezeptor-Agonist Liraglutid bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ab 10 Jahren zur Verfügung.In der Recherche für den vorliegenden Artikel, welcher als narratives Review verfasst wurde, konnten 3 Studien mit Liraglutid bei Jugendlichen mit T2D gefunden werden. Generell zeigten sich eine gute Toleranz und Sicherheit sowie eine Pharmakokinetik ähnlich der von Erwachsenen. Das Nebenwirkungsprofil beinhaltet milde gastrointestinale Nebenwirkungen, jedoch keine schweren Hypoglykämien. Neben einer besseren glykämischen Kontrolle ist ein günstiger Effekt auf das Körpergewicht möglich. Liraglutid kann bei Jugendlichen ab 10 Jahren in Kombination mit Metformin oder bei einer Metforminunverträglichkeit alleine angewandt werden. Weitere Studien zu anderen GLP-1-Analoga werden bereits durchgeführt und eröffnen neue therapeutische Möglichkeiten.
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