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Research Question Can police substantially reduce targeted patrol time without increasing crime and disorder in crime hot spots already receiving high levels of patrol, at high-risk times, to find a more cost-effective 'sweet spot' level of patrol staffing for each hot spot? Data Merseyside Police measured police presence every 5 min via GPS location trackers from body-worn police radios for five pairs of matched geo-fenced hot spots of crime and disorder in a larger night-time economy area. Crime and incident data were also collected in each of the ten hot spots, over two nights on each of six consecutive weekends, with matched crime data from the same 12 nights 1 year earlier, and matching GPS data from two weekend nights before the 6-week experiment. Methods The research design was a Maryland-Scale Level 4 test in which a group of five pairs of hot spots was randomly divided into one member of each pair receiving substantially reduced patrol time compared to the standard level received by the other member of the pair. The five experimental hot spots received at least 12-15 min of police presence every hour. Higher levels of patrol were maintained or increased in the control group consisting of the other five hot spots. Patrol time in the 'reduced patrol' experimental group was tracked and supervised closely with weekly individual feedback to a uniformed team of one sergeant and three constables. Another 40 uniformed officers working the larger area (including the five control group hot spots) were tracked to ensure they stayed out of the experimental hot spots. Findings The experiment delivered 35% less police time in treatment hot spots than in patrol hot spots. Total incidents reported by citizens to police dropped for the five 'reduced-patrol' experimental hot spots but not for the five high-patrol control spots.

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The total DNA per cell and DNA synthetic cycle phases were determined by flow cytometry in five Candida isolates including three species: Candida albicans 208R1, Candida tropicalis ATCC 750, and Candida parapsilosis 970, 3138, and ATCC 22019. The cells were prepared for flow cytometry by fixation in Carnoy fixative followed by staining with mithramycin. Marked but stable and reproducible interand intraspecific differences in total DNA per cell of stationary-phase cultures were found which did not correlate directly to diphenylamine estimates of the same parameter. This discrepancy was resolved by mathematically converting flow cytometry data into diphenylamine data. The reason for the discrepancy was found in studies of the DNA synthetic cycle of these yeasts: a large but isolate-specific variable proportion of the population is arrested in the S and G2-M phases after the culture passes from exponential to stationary phase. Histograms of exponential-growth-phase Candida isolates demonstrate that the majority of the population is in the G2-M phase of the DNA synthetic cycle. The DNA content of the C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis isolates studied is as high as or higher than that of C. albicans. Extranuclear fluorescent particles were observed in the C. tropicalis isolate. No equivalent particles could be detected in the other four Candida isolates. The nature of the particles is unknown.