BC(;. Warringa et al. [49] showed that IL-S can prime human eosinophils to present an enhanced migratory response, in vitro, to the chemotactic stimulus with PAF. Schweizer et al. [50] demonstrated the same priming effect of IL-S related to the chemotactic action of IL-8 and RANTES, in vitro, suggesting a probable interactive action between IL-S and the other mediators in asthma. It is possible that similar interaction between IL-S and other mediators occur in our model of I3CG-induced eosinophilia. The treatment with a neutralizing mAb against TNF-a have shown that this cytokine is involved in neutrophil migration but seems to not be so important in eosinophil migration induced by BCC i.t. A number of cytokines can regulate the accumulation and activation of neutrophils and eosinophils. TNF-a acts on endothelial cells to enhance their interaction with neutrophils and eosinophils. The dose-response relationship and kinetics of TNFstimulated endothelial cell adhesiveness for neutrophils are similar to those for eosinophils [34]. However, in our results with BCC-induced pleurisy, TNF-a seems to have a selective effect on neutrophil migration. ucts, PAF, NO, and IL-5, whereas neutrophil accumulation is mediated by NO and TNF-a. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The CFU quantification was performed by the BCC Vaccine Laboratory, INCQS-FIOCRUZ (Brazil). This study was supported by grants from CNPq and CAPES (Brazil). REFERENCES I. l)auenm'meube'rg. A. NI.. Jr. (I 989) lmmecmee' meem'cfuanisnes in tlce' eathcegenesis eel 1eulmeeruary tube'nculeesis. Rem. liifeet. l)is. 2, 369-378. 2. Cniffici. j. E T.. Mackintosh. C. C., Bucleare. C. S. (1995) Animal models eel prcete'ctive' immunity in tube'rccc!eesis tee evaluate' candidate' vaccines. Tre,cde Microbiol. 3. 4 18-424. 3. Chre1ic.n. J. (1995) Tuberculosis today. Eur. Resp. J. 8, 6 !7s-6 I 9s. 4. Femeteen. NI. J.. N 'rmeicIen. NI. W. (1996) I nemecun(epa) leoleegy of tube'rcukesic: ree!m's eef niacrcepfeages aced meeeeieeeeytes. Infect. Immun.

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Membrane structures have been used since the earliest of times. Until recently, their analysis has relied chiefly on trial and error; however, modern methods of analysis are evolving. The deformations are nearly always of the large rotation and/or strain type and are thus inherently nonlinear. Static analysis can be considered as a special case of the dynamic analysis. This paper is concerned then with reviewing methods of nonlinear dynamic analysis of membrane structures. Two problems of analysis are associated with membrane structures: (i) shape (or form) finding; (ii) response (deformation and/or stress) analysis. Shape finding (ie, determination of the surface geometry given an initial prestress, generation of cutting patterns, etc) is nontrivial but well documented in the literature and is not considered in this paper. In this review attention is instead focused on formulation of field equations, wrinkling analysis, fluid/structure interactions, material nonlinearities, and computational methods.

ABSTRACT--True membranes are no-compression structures which exhibit the unique response of wrinkling. Prediction of the associated wrinkle parameters is of practical importance. Accurate measurement of membrane wrinkling has heretofore not been presented in the literature; among other requirements, noncontact methods must be used. First, some background information on membrane wrinkling prediction and measurement is given. Then, an experimental apparatus is discussed within which a membrane was subject to planar loading. The measurement system consisted of a capacitance-based noncontact displacement sensor mounted in an XYZ frame. A computer controlled the forces applied to the membrane, as well as the motion of the XYZ frame during data acquisition. Results are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding the wrinkle parameters.