Fluorescence spectroscopy is ideally suited to the analysis of oil spills as it allows chemical information of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to be acquired quickly, sensitively and selectively. Unlike infrared spectra which have detailed peak information, many fluorescence spectra have only a few broad peaks. Nine different samples of crude and diesel oils were used for testing point-to-point matching across the spectral range. Five of them were discriminated by point-to-point matching algorithms and the other four very similar samples were not. Principal components analysis (PCA) did successfully discriminate among all similar samples. PCA could also distinguish the extent of weathering of different samples, an important factor in matching environmental spills.

The problem of assigning a probability of matching a number of spectra is addressed. The context is in environmental spills when an EPA needs to show that the material from a polluting spill (e.g., oil) is likely to have originated at a particular site (factory, refinery) or from a vehicle (road tanker or ship). Samples are taken from the spill, and candidate sources and are analyzed by spectroscopy (IR, fluorescence) or chromatography (GC or GC/MS). A matching algorithm is applied to pairs of spectra giving a single statistic (R). This can be a pointto-point match giving a correlation coefficient or a Euclidean distance or a derivative of these parameters. The distributions of R for same and different samples are established from existing data. For matching statistics with values in the range {0,1} corresponding to no match (0) to a perfect match (1) a distribution can be fitted to most data. The values of R from the match of the spectrum of a spilled oil and of each of a number of suspects are calculated and Bayes' theorem is applied to give a probability of matches between spill sample and each candidate and the probability of no match at all. The method is most effective when simple inspection of the matching parameters does not lead to an obvious conclusion; i.e., there is overlap of the distributions giving rise to dubiety of an assignment. The probability of finding a matching statistic if there were a match to the probability of finding it if there were no match, expressed as a ratio (called the likelihood ratio), is a sensitive and useful parameter to guide the analyst. It is proposed that this approach may be acceptable to a court of law and avoid challenges of apparently subjective opinion of an analyst. Examples of matching the fluorescence and infrared spectra of diesel oils are given.

Field measurements for the Hunter Region Acid Rain Project were conducted as a major cooperative effort by the New South Wales State Pollution Control Commission, the Electricity Commission of New South Wales, and the University of Newcastle in Australia. Rainfall collection using open and event-activated collectors at 32 sites occurred for 44 events between October 1984 and March 1986, providing the most detailed acid-rain data base available for an Australian region. The structure and organization of the project are described and results of the pH measurements, which indicate volume-weighted pH averages between 4.9 and 5.6, depending on season and type of gauge, are presented-pH values less than 5.0 were measured 37.3 percent of the time in the event-activated rainfall samples. The pH results indicate rainwater acidity in the Hunter Region is similar to that of remote areas of the world.

No abstract